Devonian oge nke Paleozoic oge

Geological Devonian oge (420 - 358 nde afọ gara aga) bụ mmalite nke mbubreyo Paleozoic. N'oge ahụ e nwere ọtụtụ ndị biotic ihe mmetụta dị ukwuu na n'ihu mmepe nke ndụ na Earth. Devonian usoro e arụnyere na 1839 site na ọkà mmụta sayensị na Adam Sedgwick na Roderick Murchison na English asị nke Devonshire, mgbe onye ọ na-aha.

Biota

On na Iv nke Devonian uka ikpochapu mere na organic ụwa. Ọtụtụ umu, karịsịa n'ebe nile n'ụwa, nanị adịkwaghị agbapụta na okụrede. N'ebe ha na e nwere ọhụrụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi. Ọ bụ ha na onye ikpebi ihe yiri ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi nke Devonian oge.

E a ezigbo mgbanwe. Ugbu a ndụ azụlitewo bụghị naanị na oké osimiri na freshwater ozu, kamakwa ala. Ebe nile n'ala vertebrates na terrestrial ahịhịa. Devonian oge, ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi nke a nọgidere na webata, akara ke ntoputa nke mbụ Amon (cephalopods). Ọ nwetara ya heyday bryozoans, rugosa, ụfọdụ ụdị nke ikpoputa brachiopods.

Life na oké osimiri

Na mmepe nke organic ụwa emetụtala bụghị naanị eke evolushọn, kamakwa idụhe nke Devonian oge, nakwa dị ka ufiop tectonic mmegharị na mmetụta nke uwa (dị ka a dum) mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke ebe obibi. Life na oké osimiri ka ibu ihe iche iche ka tụnyere Silurian. Devonian oge nke Paleozoic oge e ji kpagburuibe mmepe nke dị iche iche na azu umu (ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na mere na-akpọ ya "azu oge"). N'otu oge ahụ ọ malitere aṅacha tsistoidey, Nautiloidea, trilobites na graptolites.

Karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịmụ nwa ruru ikpoputa brachiopods. Karịsịa iche iche ndị spiriferidy, atripidy, rinhonellidy na terebratulidy. Umu anumanu na osisi richness na ngwa ngwa mgbanwe na oge dị iche brachiopods. Otu a bụ ihe kasị mkpa maka paleontologists na geologists aka na a zuru ezu dissection nke ego na ya.

Devonian oge, nke ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site dịgasị nnọọ iche iche tụnyere gara aga eras, mesịrị bụrụ mkpa maka mmepe nke coral. Ọnụ na stromatoporoideyami bryozoans ha wee malite iso na-ewu nke Ana. Ha na-aka site na a dịgasị iche iche nke calcareous algae, nke e biri na Devonian oké osimiri.

Invertebrates na vertebrates

N'etiti invertebrates ghọrọ usoro ostracods, merostomes, tentaculites, blastoids, oké osimiri lily, oké osimiri urchins, fom, gastropods na Conodonts. Dị ka foduru nke ikpeazụ ọkachamara taa ikpebi afọ sedimentary nkume.

Devonian oge akara ịba ụba mkpa nke vertebrates. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ọ bụ "azụ Century" - armored, bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ na cartilaginous azụ nwere a kasị ọnọdụ. Site na nke a uka Pịgharịa gaa na Otu ọhụrụ. Ha jawless azụ-ka ntule. Gịnị mere ndị a vertebrates mụbara? Dị ka ihe atụ, a plastinokozhih na armored azụ n'ihu toso na isi kpuchie na oké echebe shei - a bụrụkwa esemokwu na mgba maka nlanarị. Ndị ae kere eke dị iche ịnọkarị otu ebe. Na n'etiti Devonian abụghị naanị cartilage, ma Akulovo. The kasị ọnọdụ ha nwere na mgbe e mesịrị - na Mesozoic.

ahịhịa

Mgbe uzo, na-kewapụrụ n'ebe ndị Silurian Devonian oge, Noa osisi ohere ala. Ọ malitere ha ngwa ngwa resettlement na mmegharị ọhụrụ terrestrial ndụ. Early na Sredniy Devon gafere n'okpuru ọchịchị na ala nke oge ochie vaskụla osisi Rhyniophyta na-eto na swampy ebe. Site na njedebe nke oge ha nwuchapu n'ebe nile. Na Middle Devonian ebibiela spore osisi (chlenistostebelnye, Lycopodiaceae na ferns).

mbụ gymnosperms pụtara. Shrub ghọrọ usoro osisi. Karịsịa ike agbasa heterosporous ferns. Ọwọrọ ground ahịhịa mepụtara na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri n'ógbè, bụ ebe e nwere a na-ekpo ọkụ, dịkwa nwayọọ ma na iru mmiri idụhe. Anya site Ụwa osimiri n'oge ahụ ka na-adị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ahịhịa.

ihu igwe

The Devonian oge e ji a doro anya zonation nke ihu igwe tụnyere mmalite nke Paleozoic. East Evopeyskaya n'elu ikpo okwu na Ural nọ Equatorial mpaghara (nkezi okpomọkụ 28 - 31 ° C), Caucasus - okpomọkụ belt (23 - 28 Celsius C). A ọnọdụ yiri na Western Australia.

Efekarị na ihu igwe (akọrọ desert idụhe) guzosie ike Canada. N'oge a nke dị n'ókèala anāchi achi nke Saskatchewan na Alberta, nakwa dị ka na Mackenzie River efere bụ ifịk usoro nke nnu ìgwè. Nke a pụrụ iche akara North America hapụrụ ndị Devonian oge. Mineral akwakọba na ndị ọzọ na mpaghara. On Siberia Platform ọ bụla kimberlite ọkpọkọ aghọwo isi diamond ego na ya.

mmiri na mpaghara

Ke mbubreyo Devonian na Eastern Siberia abawanye humidification malitere, n'ihi na nke a pụtara n'ihu n'ígwé mma na manganese oxides na ígwè hydroxides. N'otu oge iru mmiri ihu igwe bụ ihe e ji mara nke ụfọdụ ebe nke Gondwana (Uruguay, Argentina, South Australia). Ọ na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site elu iru mmiri, nke dara mmiri ozuzo ukwuu karịa ike seep n'ime ala na ikusi.

Na ndị a na mpaghara (nakwa dị ka nke dị n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ndịda Asia) biri alaiyi arrays akwakọba alaiyi limestones. Na Belarus, Kazakhstan na Siberia ka a na agbanwe mmiri. Ná mmalite Devonian kpụrụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọkara dịpụrụ adịpụ na dịpụrụ adịpụ ọdọ mmiri n'ime nke okụre na-dịpụrụ adịpụ fauna. Site na njedebe nke oge nke ihe dị iche n'etiti mmalite ka a ghara ịma.

minerals

The Devonian na mpaghara na iru mmiri climates kpụrụ ndị kasị ochie n'ụwa coal seams. Ndị a ego na-agụnye ego na Norway, na Timan. Site na Devonian mmanụ na gas agba horizons bụ Pechora na Volga-Urals mpaghara. The otu nwere ike kwuru nke yiri ego US, Canada, na Sahara na Amazon.

N'oge a, na Urals na Tatarstan malitere na-etolite mee ígwè ore. Na mpaghara na efekarị na ihu igwe kpụrụ oké strata nke potash (Canada na Belarus). Mgbawa ugwu ngosipụta emewo ka ìgwè nke ọla kọpa-pyrite ores na North Caucasus na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ mkpọda nke Urals. Ọ bụla ụzọ-zinc na ígwè-manganese nkwụnye ego Central Kazakhstan.

tectonics

Site na nmalite nke Devonian na North Atlantic region, na-enwe malitere jutting ugwu owuwu (Northern Greenland, Northern Tien Shan, Altai). Euramerica n'oge ahụ e odude ke Equatorial latitudes, Siberia, Korea na China - na ọnọdụ latitudes. Gondwana bụ kpamkpam na Southern Hemisphere.

Euramerica kpụrụ na mmalite nke Devonian. Ihe kpatara ya omume bụ nsogbu nke Eastern Europe na North America. Nke a Afrika nwere ufiop mkpọlite (ruo n'ókè kasịnụ nkerisi riiji). Ngwaahịa nke ya ozize (n'ụdị red clastic sediments) akwakọba na Britain, Greenland, Spitsbergen na Scandinavia. Na ọhụrụ apịaji ugwu owuwu (n'ogige atụrụ usoro nke Northern Appalachians na Newfoundland), n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ-na n'ebe ndịda Euramerica encircled.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị East European Platform bụ a ala obere ugwu ugwu watersheds. Naanị ke edere nso British-Scandinavian mobile belt enịm ala ugwu na nnukwu ugwu nta nile. Na nkera nke abụọ nke Devonian oge, basest akụkụ nke East European n'elu ikpo okwu na-idei mmiri n'akụkụ oké osimiri. Na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri dị larịị na-agbasa-acha ọbara ọbara. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke elu salinity na akụkụ bụ isi nke oké osimiri na-akwakọba ego dolomite, gypsum, nkume nnu.