Great Permian ikpochapu nke umu: omume na-akpata

Permian ikpochapu ghọọ otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu ọdachi n'oge ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa. The Biosphere nke mbara ala ka furu efu fọrọ nke nta niile mmiri ụmụ anụmanụ na ndị ọzọ karịa 70% nke terrestrial nnochite anya. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-aghọta ihe na-akpata nke ikpochapu, na-amata ya mmetụta? Gịnị tinye n'ihu ozizi na ma ha nwere ike obi?

Permian

Iji dị na-anọchi anya a usoro nke ihe nnọọ, ọ dị mkpa itinye na geological oge ọnụ ọgụgụ. Total Paleozoic nwere 6 oge. Perm - na ókè-ala n'etiti Paleozoic na Mesozoic. Na oge nke geological oge ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 47 nde afọ (site na 298 na 251 nde afọ gara aga). Ma AD na Paleozoic na Mesozoic, bụ akụkụ nke Phanerozoic eon.

Onye ọ bụla oge nke Paleozoic oge ya na-akpali na kemmeeme. Na Permian oge bịara evolutionary push ịzụlite ọhụrụ iche nke ndụ, na Permian extinctions bibiri ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ nke ụwa.

Gịnị bụ ihe mere aha nke oge

"Perm" - ijuanya maara aha, adịghị ị na-eche? Ee, ị na-agụ na nri, o nwere Russian mgbọrọgwụ. The eziokwu na na 1841 a hụrụ tectonic Ọdịdị kwekọrọ ekwekọ na oge nke Paleozoic oge. The-ahụ bụ nke dị nso n'obodo Perm. Na niile tectonic Ọdịdị a maara ugbu a dị ka ndị Ural foredeep.

Echiche nke uka extinctions

Echiche nke uka extinctions ẹkenam n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mgbasa ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke University of Chicago. The ọrụ rụrụ Sepkoski D. na D. Raup. Site mgbakọ na mwepụ analysis ọ e wepụtara 5 uka extinctions na fọrọ nke nta 20 nta ọdachi. Malitere nyochaa ozi nke ikpeazụ 540 nde afọ, dị ka na mbụ oge ezughị data.

The kasị extinctions na-agụnye:

• Ordovician-Silurian;
• Devonian;
• Permian ikpochapu nke umu (na-akpata nke anyị na-atụle);
• Triassic;
• Cretaceous-Paleogene.

All nke ihe ndị a mere na Paleozoic, Mesozoic na Cenozoic oge. Ha ugboro 26 na 30 nde afọ, ma ọ ike n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-anaghị anabata.

Onye kasị ukwuu ọdachi

Permian ikpochapu - kasị oke ọdachi ndị mere na mbara ala anyị. Marine fauna nwụrụ si fọrọ nke nta kpamkpam terrestrial umu ọbọhọ na 17% nke ngụkọta. Nwụrụ Anwụ karịa 80% nke ụmụ ahụhụ na umu, nke na-adịghị mere na oge ndị ọzọ uka extinctions. All ndị a weere mere na 60 puku. Afọ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ aro na oge nke uka otiti were banyere 100 puku. Afọ. Global weere na ada oké Permian ikpochapu, ẹkenịmde a ikpeazụ akara - gafee ya, Ụwa Biosphere bụ mmalite evolushọn.

Iweghachi fauna mgbe kasị ukwuu ọdachi kere nnọọ ogologo. Anyị nwere ike sị na nke ukwuu karịa mgbe ndị ọzọ uka extinctions. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-agbalị recreate nlereanya, nke nwere ike iri ebe a oke-otiti, ma ka nwere ike na-ezukọta ọbụna ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịtụnanya n'ime usoro onwe ya. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na oké Permian ikpochapu 250 nde afọ gara aga nwere a 3 elu nzube, nke ọzọ agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-achọ kwere na e nwere ndị 8.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọhụrụ chepụtara

Dị ka echiche nke ọkà mmụta sayensị, Permian ikpochapu e kpọkwasịwo ọzọ uka ọdachi. Ọ mere na maka 8 nde afọ tupu isi ihe na budata ghara ikwe na Ụwa ilekota. The ụmụ anụmanụ na-adịghị ike, ya mere, nke abụọ ikpochapu n'ime a oge abụrụwo oké ọdachi. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-jikwaa iji gosi na e nwere ndị abụọ ikpochapu, na obi abụọ ga-echiche nke periodicity nke uka ọdachi na Permian oge. Na ziri ezi, anyị dokwuo anya na nke a echiche aka si ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọbụna na-enweghị-ewere n'ime akaụntụ ekwe omume ọzọ ikpochapu. Ma na nke a echiche, mgbe na-ejide ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọnọdụ.

Ekwe Omume akpata nke Permian ọdachi

Permian ikpochapu ka na-eme ka a otutu arụmụka. Nnukwu eneni ebute akpata nke gburugburu ebe obibi ọdachi. -Ewere dị ka Ẹkot niile kwere omume ihe, gụnyere:

• esịtidem na mpụga kpata ajọ ihe;
• gradual mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi.

Gbalịa tụlee ụfọdụ n'ime mmiri nke abụọ ọnọdụ ke ọzọ nju aka ịghọta otú yiri ha mmetụta na Permian ikpochapu. Photo nkwado ma ọ bụ ịgbagha Nchoputa enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si ọtụtụ mahadum dị ka anyị na-amụ nke.

Disaster dị ka ihe na-akpata nke Permian ikpochapu

Mpụga na esịtidem kpata ajọ ihe a na-emekarị weere dị ka ihe na-akpata nke Great ikpochapu:

1. N'oge a, e nwere a ịrịba ama mmụba na mgbawa ugwu ahụ n'ebe bụ ugbu a Siberia, nke mere ka a oké ẹyenọ afia. Nke a pụtara na e nwere bụ nnukwu mgbawa nke basalt na a obere oge na geological echiche. Basalt weakly susceptible ka ozize, na gburugburu sedimentary nkume na-adị mfe ebibi. Dị ka ihe àmà nke ọnyà magmatism eme nnyocha nyekwa ihe atụ nke nnukwu ókèala n'ụdị ewepụghị na mbara ọzara kwụpụ na ndabere nke basalt. Nnukwu ọnyà teren bụ Siberia Ọnyà, guzobere na njedebe nke Permian oge. Ya ebe bụ karịa 2 nde sq. Km. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na Nanjing Institute of Geology (China) mụụrụ a na-amụ isotopic mejupụtara nke oké nkume nke Siberia afia na hụrụ na Permian ikpochapu mere kpomkwem n'oge ha guzobere. O were ihe karịrị 100 puku afọ (na mbụ e chere na ọ na o were a ogologo oge nke oge - banyere 1 nde afọ) .. Ihe eruptions nwere ike ịkpalite griin haus mmetụta, mgbawa ugwu oyi, na ndị ọzọ na Filiks na-emerụ na Biosphere.
2. The ihe mere ọdachi nke Biosphere nwere ike ịbụ a dobe nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa meteorites, mbara nkukota na a nnukwu asteroid. Dị ka ihe àmà nke oghere ebe bụ ihe karịrị 500 kilomita (Wilkes Land, Antarctica). Ọzọkwa àmà na-egosi mmetụta ihe dị na Australia (Bedout Ọdịdị, na North-anyanwu nke Afrika). Ọtụtụ nke samples e mesịrị gbaghaa na a n'ịmụ.
3. Otu omume kpatara a na-ewere a-eme ihe ike ntọhapụ nke methane si n'ala oké osimiri ahụ, nke nwere ike iduga ngụkọta mbibi nke mmiri umu.
4. Site na mberede nwere ike ịkpata na-otu nke ngalaba nke bi otu-celled ntule (Archaea) ikike egweri organic okwu, na-atọhapụ buru ibu nke methane.

Jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi

Na nke a, Atiya na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe mere jikọrọ isi:

1. Jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na mgbanwe na mejupụtara nke oké osimiri na mmiri na ikuku, adịru e anoxia (enweghị oxygen).
2. Meziwanye idụhe nke Earth nkụ - fauna ike imeghari ka mgbanwe.
3. A n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ a mebiri nke ebili mmiri na a ọnụ ke oké osimiri.

O nwere ike ịbụ na-enwe mmetụta a dum nso nke na ihe mere, n'ihi na ọdachi nke a uka agwa, na mere ihe karịrị otu mkpirikpi.

Esi na ya pụta nke Great ikpochapu

Great Permian ikpochapu, nke a na-agbalị iru ndị na-akpata nke nkà mmụta sayensị na ụwa, na akwa ya pụta. Kpamkpam okụrede dum iche iche na klaasị. Nwụrụ Anwụ parareptilia ọtụtụ akụkụ (e nwere nanị oge a na mbe nna nna). Ọ okụrede a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ, na azu. M gbanwere mejupụtara nke microorganisms. N'ezie, planet tọgbọ chakoo, e adịkwaghị dịkwa ka usoro ha na-eri nri na carrion.

Mgbe Perm ikpochapu umu ọbọhọ maximally emegharị overheat, ala oxygen etoju, ụkọ nri na ngafe sọlfọ ahụ.

Mass Biosphere eri meghere ụzọ maka ọhụrụ iche iche nke ụmụ anụmanụ. Trias, akpa oge nke Mesozoic oge, kpughere na ụwa archosaurs (nna nna nke dinosaurs, agụ iyi na nnụnụ). Mgbe Great ikpochapu on Earth pụtara mbụ mammalian umu. On mweghachi nke Biosphere were n'etiti 5 na 30 nde afọ.