Ziri ezi na nso nke echichi nke ọku "Grad". Volley "Grad": na okirikiri nke mbibi, TTX, shells

Otu n'ime ihe nnọchianya nke obodo esemokwu, mgbe ọkụ na ọtụtụ ebe ndị ida nke Soviet Union, n'oge gara aga, akụkụ ya, bụ echichi nke "Grad". Photos of agha na ogbunigwe usoro, bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ na na peeji nke internet akwụkwọ, mgbe mgbe, inye ihe àmà nke Russian agha ọnụnọ, ma ọ bụ na-maka ihe atụ osise nke di ọku ọgụ. Na nke ọ bụla, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji BM-21, mma. Irè nke a ngwá agha dị nnọọ elu.

"Katyusha" na NWB development

Na mba anyị salvo echichi pụtara na mbụ karịa ndị ọzọ nke ụwa. Jet Research Institute nke patented a Multilateral usoro obubata, gbaa agba, na 1938. Kemgbe ahụ, ọrụ na rụọ ọrụ ndị MRL e rụrụ na USSR fọrọ nke nta niile, na-anata a pụrụ iche mmepe na Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya. "Katyusha" - kpara-eche ha nche ogbunigwe - na-alụ ọgụ ogige regimental echelon, ma ha iku ike ike jiri ya tụnyere nkewa. Volley ụkpụrụ, na iche na-alụbeghị di-firing akụ ụta, emewo mgbọrọgwụ n'ime ndị agha nke a dị nnọọ mfe mere. Ebe ọ bụ na mbubreyo zitere ka ufọt ufọt fifties Tammy bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu unmanaged, kpaliri site ot ballistic trajectory na izi ezi ọkụkụ usụhọde ogbunigwe ngwá agha. Ezughi oke mmanụ ụgbọala Burns evenly usu fluctuations mere, na-akpata nnukwu dispersion ụkpụrụ. Neutralize a mwepu nwere ike naanị oke ojiji nke, dị ka a N'ihi nke na-kụrụ na mpaghara na-niile dị na ha na oge ọ bụ. Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ e ji mara collisions nke buru ibu nke manpower na akụrụngwa. Dabere na ahụmahụ e nwetara site na 1939 ruo 1945, ọ e chepụtara echiche nke otutu egbe rọketi usoro emepụta ebede na USSR. Egbu ya okwu wee BM (alụ ọgụ ụgbọala), na-enwe malovyrazitelnoe index nke "21", ọ na-atọrọ ka "Grad". agha nso aghọwo ukwuu ka ibu, jiri ya tụnyere ihe "Katyusha", firepower amụbawo ọtụtụ ugboro.

gara aga usoro

Ke mbubreyo zitere echiche salvo ọgụ Tammy, nakwa dị ka n'ozuzu rọketi technology, ndị Soviet agha na-edu ndú emeso ya na ụfọdụ enyo. Mmetụta mbụ agha conservatism jikọtara na obi ike na pụtara di iche iche nke ngwá agha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ enthusiasts nke a ọhụrụ ụdị mgbọ ike imebi ndị na-eguzogide, na n'oge na mgbe German agha nkewa "Katyusha" were na firing ọnọdụ, na-eme n'ohu ahụ ebido mgbagwoju anya na egwu. Ihe ịga nke ọma ngwa nke NWB na-alụ ọgụ Europe na mgbe ahụ na Asia (megide Kwantung nkụzị nke Japanese agha) akpatre wusiri Stalinist ndú eche echiche banyere desirability nke n'ihu mmepe nke a na ubi nke agha technology. Ke akpa ọkara nke 50s ọhụrụ ụdị e mepụtara na nakweere. BM-14 bụ MS 140 mm caliber na ebe zaa nwere ike kụrụ a iri àmà. BM-24 shot ọbụna n'ihu, 16 800 m. O yiri ka ihe ọ bụla ọzọ zuru okè ike a ike, karịsịa-ewere na ndị ogbunigwe general alaka kama mgbanwe na a technical isi, adabereghị na nkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ọganihu, dị ka ụgbọelu ma ọ bụ agha mmiri. Egbe na howitzers na-eji ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ na-enweghị n'ịnwụ bughi mgbanwe, ọ na-adịghị iju onye ọ bụla. O sina dị, echiche nke oké mmebe AN Gonicheva, ị ka nwere ike ime a otutu. Na May 1960 na ọ bụ ya na-natara mkpa ọrụ gọọmenti. TTX wụnye "Grad", ihe e kere eke, bụ nke ọ e kenyere, anyị nwere na-budata gafere afọ nke BM-14 na BM-24, ndị na-ama na-eje ozi.

Ihe aga-eme na-ejikọ

Ọ dịghị ihe na revolutionary ọhụrụ imewe na mbụ emeghị n'obi ime. The n'ozuzu ụkpụrụ nwere n'ozuzu a kpụrụ. Ọ na-e chere na projectile bụ a siri ike mmanụ ụgbọala, na-tụziri site uka ngwa nke ndị agha ahụ na atụmatụ nke nchekwa ọnọdụ na n'ụlọ nkwakọba na n'ihu akara na ikpe nke a agha ogu. Ngwá agha nke ziri ezi na iwunye "Grad" ike ka mma site n'itinye tubular rails ọzọ tightly kpọmkwem site na vector nke ije n'oge mmalite-elu na mbụ ụgbọ elu. The torque nyere site a projectile na otu iji belata chụsasịrị emee bụghị naanị ekele na stabilizers ewekarị na n'akuku ka akara nke ụgbọ elu, ma n'ihi pụrụ iche na ndu-grooves, bee na gbọmgbọm, dị nnọọ ka ọ na-emejuputa atumatu na ogbunigwe egbe. Na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike imebi ndị égbè kwa, na kwesịrị ịlụ ọgụ, ọ bụghị nanị ndị agha nke isi nke imewe nzukọ, ma subcontractors. Pu kere SKB-203, n'ihi na mmanụ ụgbọala mkpụrụ ndụ zara Sri № 6 na warheads e-emepe emepe GSKB-47. The aha "igbe akwụkwọ ozi", na taa ole na ole ndị mmadụ banyere ihe si, na, na, na 1960, na ihe ndị ọzọ mere. All mgwo agha e kere na nzuzo, tinyere echichi nke "Grad". Photo prototypes e echekwara pụrụ iche nchekwa echesinụ vultures. All pesonel aka na ndị e kere eke nke ọhụrụ NWB, nyere kwekọrọ ekwekọ na ndenye aha nondisclosure agreement. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, onye ọ bụla nke ọrụ nke na-azara ọnụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ghara ịga ná mba ọzọ, ọbụna socialist mba.

ule

Ná ngwụsị nke 1961 na ọ dị njikere maka ule mbụ tupu echichi nke volley ọku "Grad", mgbe ahụ, ọzọ. Main agha na Atilari Directorate nke Soviet Army na spring nke esie landfill ebe (Leningrad mpaghara) maka zubere igba egbe 650 Tammy wee na-agba ọsọ ule na-aga ogologo nke 10,000 kilomita. Ọ na-amaghị ma kpatara e mee ọsọ ọsọ, ma ngụkọta nso Chassis mebiri, ọ bụ ike ruo naanị 3300 km, mgbe nke gbajiri agbaji eku. The Chassis nwere na-dochie anya, ma dị ka ọ na tụgharịa si, ihe bụ nsogbu abụghị random, ma ndị systemic. N'okpuru nduzi nke ike ibu wee daa abụọ àkwà mmiri na-ezighị driveshaft. Otú ọ dị, ndị a na nsogbu ghara igbochi nnabata nke ọha na eze. The ule ọnọdụ, oké na-agba ọsọ dị anya e liri ya. Wụnye "Grad" site 1964 malitere na-abata na agha nkeji.

nrụaka usoro

N'ezie, ihe ndị kasị mkpa a na usoro nke volley n'oku ọgụgụ, na-egosi na ule firing, kama na-akwọ ụgbọala arụmọrụ. Si Moscow na Vladivostok, na NWB n'okpuru ya ike iji ụgbọala na ọ dịghị onye na-aga ịnapụta, e nwere ndị ọzọ ụzọ, na nsogbu-free na-agba ọsọ nke ihe karịrị puku atọ kilomita kwuru agbasi banyere ihe Chassis, n'ozuzu, na-mere bụghị otú ọjọọ, ọ bụ ezie na, na mkpa na ụfọdụ amplification. The isi unit nke igwe bụ warhead esịnede iri anọ (10 na ole), ndị nduzi akpa, a 3 mita ogologo na ihe esịtidem dayameta nke 122,4 mm. Firing nso ọnọdụ "Grad" na-adabere na nchepụta nke ogwe unit ikwu na kwụ ụgbọelu, na n'akuku nke a na-kọwaa a-ebuli ngwaọrụ. Nke a ọnụ dị na center nke isi na ya ụkpụrụ bụ a n'ibu gearbox, gụnyere abụọ kinematic ụzọ abụọ: a gia aro na a gia wheel maka nduzi na worm gia, via nke na-emepụta ihe ndị ha chọrọ elu. N'ịbụ a nduzi usoro site actuator ma ọ bụ aka.

n'ichepụta innovations

TTX Dabara Adaba "Grad" bụ kpọmkwem yiri ka àgwà nke agba nke na ọ Ome.

Isi munition maka MB-zubere 21 elu-agbawa agbawa agha 9M22. Ya mmepụta e nyere na-osisi nọmba 176, nke na 1964 bụ na-emepụta 10 puku iberibe. On ọrụ, Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ na-emezughị, na-atụghị anya ihe isi ike na-atụghị anya ihe isi ike. N'oge mbụ nkeji iri na ise nke osisi jisiri nyak 650 ụta na 350 warheads maka ha. Ziri ezi imebi nke oge nwee ike ije ozi dị ka onye ọhụrụ na-achọ oge iji mejuputa, ma rụọ technology na-eme n'ọdịnihu. Na isi ọnwụ nke General Designer Alexander Ganicheva ẹkenam site a usoro nke n'ichepụta housings patterned enyeghachi ya okpukpu anọ mpempe akwụkwọ nchara, na yiri nke na-eji na mmepụta nke ogbunigwe shells. Tupu mgbe ahụ, a rọketi e bee n'ime radial machined site siri ike billets, nke mere ka elu oriri nke metal na-enweghị isi oru nleeta. Ọzọ otutu obibia e etinyere na usoro nke kpọgide na ịkpakọba projectile stabilizers nke Ome mwube "Grad". 9M22 agha nso bụ ubé elu karịa 20 km. Amachi anya adịghị ezigbo okwu nke ziri ezi. Mmụba nke oké ihe ndị kacha. N'ezie, nke kacha nta firing nso nrụnye "Grad", ekenịm ke 5 km, ọ na-adabere, ọkụ bụ na o kwere omume na na a na okirikiri nke otu na ọkara kilomita, ma na a ize ndụ ka ukwuu biko adịghị aga ebe ị chọrọ, na nnukwu ike ibibi ngwá agha nwere ike ime ka nnọọ wetara ya pụta.

"Mmịpụta" technology bụ ziri ezi. agha ụlọ n'ezie-adịrị gị mfe. Ọnụ mmepụta, ma nke ahụ bụ isi nweta. nso nke echichi nke ọku "Grad" amụbawo n'ụzọ. N'otu projectile uka-mmiri ọ pụrụ see lekwasịrị anya.

rọketi igba egbe

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo esemokwu ji mere mgbe shells zubere maka MB-21, na-agba ọsọ na wepụrụ ebubo Ibé akwụkwọ setịpụrụ brik inye chọrọ n'akuku. Na ndị a, n'ezie, ọkụkụ ziri ezi bụ ala. Inyeaka n'aka ike ga-anọchi osisi "Grad". Photos of Middle Eastern-eyi ọha egwu na-agbalị ime ka mmebi nke ọzọ iji improvised ngwaọrụ-e isi nye psychological nsogbu.

9M22 agha Atụlee 66 n'arọ nke ogologo 2870 mm. Ọgụ ogige nwere a arọ nke 18,4 n'arọ na e dere 6.4 n'arọ nke TNT. Amalite na-adị mgbe ndị electric usu mgbanye fuuz. Siri ike mmanụ ụgbọala na-emi esịnede abụọ iberibe ngụkọta nke ịdị arọ nke 20,4 n'arọ. Gharazie isi nke fuuz enye MRI (MRI-U), nke na-aghọ cocked na-akpaghị aka mgbe opupu nke rọketi na 200-400 mita. Gbọmgbọm projectile epupụta, na-enwe a na-agba nke 50 m / c, wee accelerates na 700 m / s. Firing nso ọnọdụ "Grad" nwere ike artificially ejedebeghị site breeki yiri mgbaaka (nnukwu ma ọ bụ obere). Na 1963, NII-147 ọkachamara kere fragmentation projectile chemical variant, ẹkedọhọde "Lake" (9M23), nke nwere otu arụmọrụ e ji mara dị ka 9M22.

Iche 9M22 na "Leica"

Ule gosiri otú ike a ngwá agha bụ echichi nke "Grad". Lesion na mpaghara na-full salvo nke 1.050 sq. m mgbe gburu site manpower, na 840 sq. m maka armored ugbo ala.

N'ihu mmepe nke ngwaike nke projectile fuze metụrụ. "Lake" nwere ike n'ụzọ na ha abụọ embodiments (n'ibu na Rada). Ọ bụla elu na-agbawa agbawa ordnance na-aghọ nnọọ irè karị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-rụrụ na-emebi kacha elu, tinyere a projectile na Ome wụnye "Grad". Lesion ebe iberibe na nsi anabatara nke 30 mita site n'elu-abawanye sharply, Otú ọ dị, ojiji nke Rada fuze ebelata kacha nso na 1600 mita.

Dị iche iche nke mgbọ maka "Castle"

Mgbe oge nke mmepụta BM-21 na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile ka mma ẹdude na ike ọhụrụ mgbọ (pụrụ iche). Ha nwere ike ebubo ọ bụla Mbido "Grad". 3M16 cassette shells nwere onyeisi òkè 9M42 ìhè n'ime a ọkara nkeji ebe n'ime 500 m si kwa onwunwu-ìhè-9M28K chụsasịa landmines (3 ọ bụla), onwe-liquidating maka 16-24 awa. RS 9M519 ike adigide obodo nnyonye anya.

BM-21 tumadi na-eji mfe unguided munitions, ma e nwere ihe pụrụ iche iche nke mgbọ, dị ka 9M217 onwem ngwaọrụ samopritselivaniya na cumulative ụgwọ ibuso tankị.

Kere na anwụrụ ọkụ ugboro mgbochi, na ụba mgbọ ike, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ wetara ịtụnanya n'ihi na onye iro, nke nwere ike ebubo echichi "Grad". Okirikiri nke mbibi a na-aghọ ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu agha na-abawanye, izi ezi na-akakwa mma.

Kwalite BM-21

Zuru okè na a pụrụ ịdabere usoro eji ndị agha n'ọtụtụ mba, na natara eluigwe na ala ude maka ala nke mmezi na pụrụ ịdabere, n'agbanyeghị nnukwu afọ, nwere ike ji mee ihe maka ogologo oge. Site n'oge ruo n'oge e ji mara ya na-mma n'ihi na na-adịbeghị anya nkà na ụzụ ọganihu, tumadi informational.

Na 1998, o ẹkenịmde a miri emi modernization nke osisi "Grad" na-e gosiputara na Orenburg. Photos na video nke a igwe, oge a na-adịghị na-ezo si n'ihu ọha na e bipụtara niile na-eduga ozi ọma ọmụma ọwa. N'adịghị ka ihe ndị bụ isi nlereanya bụ ọnụnọ nke ọku akara ọdụ, na-akpọ "skit-B2", kere na ndabere nke a elu-ọsọ na kọmputa "Baget-41." Ọdịdị na-agụnye a ọkụ akara usoro meteosystems, igodo ekpebi Kacha ọhụrụ itinye na koodu nkwurịta okwu ngwa na-arụ ọrụ na akpaka data mgbanwe mode. Sighting nso Mbido "Grad" firing okpukpu abụọ (40 km). Mma arụmọrụ ma ballistic agba, na ọhụrụ stabilizers na a ọzọ zuru okè itinye n'ọnọdụ. ọhụrụ na mmanụ ụgbọala ngwakọta bụ na usoro nke na mmepe.

N'oge na-arụ ọrụ ka a mata ụzọ ọhụrụ ime nke ugbua, iji budata onu oge nke loading na ndị ọzọ arụmọrụ e ji mara "Grad". Adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ e mejupụtara ihe, na ojiji nke a nwere ike dịkwuo ogo stealth technology ka Rada na ikwado ewu. Dịcha, n'ọdịnihu dị nso echichi nke volley ọku "Grad", kama nke tubular orù-emepụta a polima-oge swiiti mmanya na ga belata fanye oge 5 nkeji.

SZU modernized tinyere ọhụrụ usoro "Prima" n'ọdịnihu dị nso ga-enweta Russian agha. E nwere nhọrọ maka echichi bụghị naanị na ụgbọ ala nyiwe, kamakwa ụfọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Salvo mwube "Grad" nwekwara ike-eji dị ka a nchedo mmewere n'ụsọ bases.