1918-1939 Polish Republic akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ókè-ala-ya, ndị ọchịchị

Mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na map nke Europe, a ọhụrụ Poland. Nke a na obodo na-ewere ya na nọchiri nke ochie onyeeze na adị tupu nkebi nke XVIII narị afọ. Tọhapụrụ Russian na-achị, okporo osisi si otú ahụ mepụta a abụọ Rzeczpospolita. Na 1939 ọ nọ na-arụ site ndị agha Nazi Germany na Soviet Union.

Ntoputa nke Republic

The ukara Polish historiography na-atụle na Republic of Poland (1918-1939) pụtara November 11, 1918. N'ụbọchị a na Warsaw, ọ disarmed na emebi ihe German agha. Ndị Germany wakporo Poland, nke bụ chie akụkụ nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Nke a onyeeze nweghị ọzọ. The Russian agha obodo na-akpọtụ, ọ bụ na Poland.

Mgbe oruru nke iji na Warsaw Regency Council e kere. Ọ nyefeela ike Yuzefu Pilsudskomu - onye ndú nke Polish Socialist Party na a mba dike. The ọhụrụ isi nke ala kpụrụ a ọchịchị gawa site Endzheem Morachevskii. Ozugbo mkpa iwu emeela na-ewe awa asatọ ụbọchị, na-elekọta mmadụ nche na T. D. Pilsudsky, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ a socialist tupu ya abịa ike, hapụrụ ya echiche. Ma, o nwere imebi na Left, iji ịnọgide na-n'isi nke mba.

mba ude

Ugbua na January 1919, Republic of Poland (1918-1939) nwetara mbụ abortive kuu mgbalị. Mgbe ahụ Pilsudski ọchịchị gbanwere. Nke a sochiri mba ude nke onwe nke Poland na legitimacy nke ya ikike. Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akwado nke Pilsudski bụ United States, France, England na Italy. On February 20, Legislative Sejm họpụtara ya na post nke ndị isi nke ala na ihe kasị ndú.

Mgbe Republic of Poland (1918-1939) naanị we bilie, ya n'ókè-ala-ha ka nọ na-ejighị n'aka. Dị nnọọ biri Mbụ Agha Ụwa, ma ugbu a Europe, ọ dị mkpa na-ekweta na a ọhụrụ esịtidem ala. Na 1919, Treaty nke Versailles e banyere. Ebe ọ bụ na Germany na-amata ocho okwu si ya efopụ a ịrịba mmaji nke ókèala. Poland gara n'ógbè Posen na akụkụ nke Pomerania. Gdańsk hụrụ mmasị free obodo.

Ọ nọgidere na ha na-edozilighị nke nke Silesia. Na mpaghara a anyị bi dị ka okporo osisi na Germany, ọ bụ ezie na ebe-anọgide nwe Germany. Na 1919-1921 gg. ọ bụ naanị mba atọ nsogbu nke ndị Slav. E guzobere ọhụrụ League of Nations kpebiri kee Silesia, iji zere n'ọdịnihu esemokwu. Part nke mpaghara a na-weghaara na Poland dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha n'ógbè.

ókè-ala esemokwu

Ọzọkwa nọgidere ike ọnọdụ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ala. First Polish Republic (1918-1939) meriri ndị Ukrainian mba, bụ onye chọrọ ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha ala. N'oge na-adịghị na-anọchi Kọmunist. N'afọ 1919, ndị Soviet-Polish agha. N'ihi Lenin na-akwado ya, na mkpọsa bụ nanị nzọụkwụ mbụ kwupụta ụwa proletarian mgbanwe.

Soviet agha ruru ọbụna ndị Vistula na ndị nọ na ala ịta ahịhịa nke Warsaw. Otú ọ dị, Polish agha ulo oru a nke ọma counterattack biarue Minsk. Riga Peace Treaty e banyere 1921. Poland na ofu na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'ógbè Ukraine na Belarus.

N'ebe ndịda nke ala nke Czechoslovakia e kwetara na ndị ọchịchị n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1920. Mgbe mba abụọ na-ekewa n'etiti Cieszyn mpaghara. Ahụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ndị agha Marshal Pilsudski jide Vilnius. N'ihi ya, Nke abụọ Rzeczpospolita eguzobewo ya ikike ebe Polish asụsụ bụ isi ma ọ bụ na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị bi n'ime ya. State oru e guzobere na ogbaaghara. Poland, Russia na ndị ọzọ na mba Europe iji naghachi n'aka First World War maka a ogologo oge.

The May kuu

Na 1924, ihe dị mkpa ego mgbanwe e rụrụ. The ọhụrụ ego zloty na Poland dochie ochie akara. Ma, n'agbanyeghị na ndị ọchịchị akụ na ụba mgbanwe, ọnọdụ na Poland bụ mkpa. The mba ka nọgidere na hyperinflation. The pụta na, ọzọ ihe, ndị agha ndị anaghị enwe obi ụtọ. Nke abụọ Rzeczpospolita nwere ike na-agaghị anọ na otu nhazi. Kasị wee na-enwe olileanya maka Yuzefa Pilsudskogo.

Ya support ghọrọ leftists, ụbụrụ na-aghọ ndị agha. Pilsudski nyeere Żeligowski War Minister, onye ikike ọtụtụ eduzi. Ebe ọ bụ na mkpofu nke Marshal pụtara a nnukwu agha. Na May 1926, ọ kwagara Warsaw. Ịlụ ọgụ na-akwado nke ọchịchị ahụ were ụbọchị atọ. N'ikpeazụ, na May 15 ndị isi obodo bụ nke nọ n'okpuru nchịkwa Pilsudski. Mgbe izu abụọ gachara, ọ nọ na-re-hoputara President of Poland, ma gbara arụkwaghịm.

Brest usoro

Na 1931-1932 gg. Pilsudski akpatre ọkọdọ Bibie ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha na-emegide. Dị ka boro ebubo ime mpụ, ndị ọchịchị jidere mbụ òtù nke Saeima, bụ onye megidere ọhụrụ ịgbazigharị ọchịchị.

Brest e kpere anyị ikpe ha. Ọ na-aha ya bụ n'ihi na ebe mkpọrọ. Ha na-eje ozi ha ahịrịokwu na Brest Ebe e wusiri ike. Ụfọdụ mmegide bụ ike iga njem na Czechoslovakia ma ọ bụ France. Ndị fọdụrụ ozi ya mkpọrọ, na eziokwu ndị a chụpụrụ nke mba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndụ. A jikoro kwere ndị na-akwado Pilsudski nọrọ ike ruo mgbe ọdịda nke abụọ Polish Republic.

ịgbazigharị

Pilsudski akwado candidacy nke Ignacy Mościcki dị ka isi nke ala. Ọ ghọrọ president nke mba ruo mgbe 1939, mgbe ọ na-banyere Wehrmacht. E guzobere ihe authoritarian ọchịchị, nke dabeere na ndị agha. N'okpuru ọhụrụ iji nke ọchịchị na Republic of Poland ka furu efu ukwuu nke ikike.

Kpụrụ mode na-akpọ debridement. The mmegide na-emegide n'ezie Pilsudski (ọ mmetụta dị ukwuu ọha iwu) ghọrọ prosecuted site ndị ọchịchị isi. Eze authoritarianism dị ka a ukwuu centralized ikike e enshrined a iwu ọhụrụ na 1935. Ọ na-akọwa ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ntọala nke ala usoro, n'ihi na ihe atụ, na Polish ọchịchị ghọtara na, n'agbanyeghị na ịdị adị nke mba dum na ụfọdụ mpaghara.

Agreement na Soviet Union na Germany

Pilsudski ke 1926 ghọrọ Minister maka Military Affairs. Ọ bụ akara nke mba mba ọzọ amụma. O jisiri akawanye mmekọahụ ya agbata obi. Na 1932 ọ nọ na-aka a nonaggression mmeko na Soviet Union, na ókè ya na Poland kwetara na kpebiri. A yiri nkwekọrịta banyere na Republic of Germany na 1934.

Otú ọ dị, ndị a nkwekọrịta ndị na-apụghị ịdabere. Pilsudski-emeghị obi ndị Kọmunist, na ọbụna na-erughị ndị Nazi wee ike na Germany. Poland, Russia, Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ na ha mgbagwoju anya ma dị mgbagwoju mmekọrịta a bụ isi iyi nke erughị ala na dum nke Europe. Ịgbalị egwu ya mma, Pilsudski na-achọ nkwado si UK na France. Minister nke Military Affairs, nwụrụ May 12, 1935. N'ihi na ọnwụ nke Marshal na mbụ na n'oge ikpeazụ ndị mere nke abụọ Polish Republic e kwuru na mba na-eru uju.

Polonization

Na interwar oge, Poland bụ a si ọtụtụ mba na mba. Ọ ejikọrọ na eziokwu na n'okpuru akara nke Commonwealth ndị n'ókèala na sonyeere bụ isi agha mmeri manye mba ndị agbata obi. Ogwe osisi ha dị ihe dị 66% na mba. Karịsịa ole na ole n'ime ha na-ahụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Commonwealth.

Ukrainians guru nke 10% nke ndị bi na, ndị Juu - 8%, Rusyns - 3%, wdg Nke a mba kaleidoscope-apụghị izere ezere dugara esemokwu ... Iji n'ụzọ ụfọdụ larịị ahụ na-emegiderịta, ndị ọchịchị rụrụ polonization iwu - ila nke Polish omenala na Polish asụsụ na ebe bi agbụrụ dum.

Těšín esemokwu

Na nkera nke abụọ nke 30-ies nke mba ọnọdụ nọgidere na-aka njọ. Adolf Hitler siri ọnwụ na nloghachi nke German ala anapụ ya mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ. ama Munich Agreement e banyere 1938. Germany natara Sudetenland, nke diri Czechoslovakia, ma mmadụ bi tumadi site Germany. N'otu oge Poland daghi ohere ime ka a mkpesa na ebe ndịda ya onye agbata obi.

September 30, 1938 Czechoslovakia e zitere otu iwu. Prague choro iweghachi Cieszyn region, nke ruru ka mba peculiarities nke region ekwu site Poland. Taa, n'ihi ọbara ihe ndị Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, a ogu bụ na o siri echeta. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ na 1938, Poland wakporo Tesin, na-ewere uru nke Sudeten nsogbu.

Hitler ofufe

N'agbanyeghị nke Munich Agreement, Hitler ka agụụ na-eto. Na March 1939, Germany choro na Poland laghachi Gdańsk (Danzig) na-enye a korido na East Prussia. Na Warsaw, niile na-ekwu jụrụ. March 28, Hitler mebiri na-abụghị ime ihe ike mmeko n'etiti Germany na Poland.

Na August, Alaeze Ukwu nke Atọ kwubiri nkwekọrịta na Soviet Union. Secret akwụkwọ protocol gụnyere nkwekọrịta na nkewa nke Eastern Europe n'ime ngalaba nke mmetụta. Stalin na Hitler natara na ha ọkara nke Poland. New ndị ọchịchị aka ike ná mba ndị ọzọ nọrọ na Curzon akara. Ọ yiri ihe agbụrụ mejupụtara nke ndị bi na. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ya biri Lithuanians, Belarusians na Ukrainians.

The na-arụ nke mba

September 1, 1939 agha nke Nazi Germany gafere German-Polish ókè. The ọchịchị ọnụ na Ignacy Mościcki izu abụọ gbagaworo agbata obi Romania. The Polish agha ahụ bụ ihe na-adịghị ike karịa German. Nke a gaghị agara transience mkpọsa.

Ke adianade do, September 17, Soviet agha agha n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Poland. Ha ruru Curzon Line. Ọdụm Red Army na Wehrmacht were iwe ọkụ ọnụ. Ogwe osisi, gbara ya gburugburu na abụọ n'akụkụ, enweghị ike ịkwụsị-apụghị izere ezere. Site na njedebe nke ọnwa na mba niile e biri. On September 28, ndị Soviet Union na Germany nwere chie kwetara na ya ọhụrụ ala. Nke abụọ Rzeczpospolita kwụsịrị ịdị adị. The revival nke Polish ala bụ mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. The obodo e arụnyere ọchịchị Kọmunist-eguzosi ike n'ihe na USSR.

The Polish ọchịchị n'oge agha, bụ n'ala ọzọ. Mgbe Western Powers kwetara na Soviet Union na ọdịnihu nke Central na Eastern Europe, ọ kwụsịrị na-aghọta na US na UK. Otú o sina dị, ndị ọchịchị n'ala ọzọ wee na-adị ruo 1990. Ma mgbe ahụ, e zigara anyị ọhụrụ president chọrọ mma nke ukwuu mere atọ Rzeczpospolita Lech Walesa.