5 ọgbọ nke kọmputa. Future Computer: Description

The mbụ electronic kọmputa (PC), ma ọ bụ kọmputa na e kere 30-40-ies nke XX narị afọ. Ha dị bụ, nditịm-ekwu okwu, na akara mmalite nke ugbu a na ogbo nke mmepe nke ozi teknụzụ. N'oge a 5 na-ejikarị kọmputa ọgbọ, ma nkewa nke sistemụ kọmputa n'ọgbọ bụ nnọọ ime.

The mbụ ọgbọ kọmputa

Malite nke ihe e kere eke nke electronic kọmputa na-atụle ga mmepe nke German ngwá electronic, mee gbakọọ electromechanical ọsọ agba anọ. Mgbe ahụ, ndị America mere a na nkà na ụzụ itunanya na dochie agba anọ electronic agụụ akpa.

• The mbụ kọmputa na electromechanical relays na afọ 1938-41 e kere Germany (ụdị Z1 / Z2), mgbe ahụ technology edise ke British.
• The mbụ supercomputer, "Mark m», ịmata na nke nke ọkara a football ubi, e kere site ná mgbalị nke ndị IBM na United States (1944).
• The mbụ zuru tube kọmputa ndị ENIAC, e mere site na otu American electronics engineer John Eckert (Eckert) na American physics Dzhonom Mouchli (Mauchly), e mere bụ isi na-edozi ballistics nsogbu, nwere fọrọ nke nta ka 20,000 agụụ akpa na 1500 relays. Monster-eri ruo 150 kW ike.

The abụọ emana kọmputa

A atụmatụ nke ndị na-na kọmputa bụ mgbanwe site agụụ akpa maka mepụtara na 1948 transistors. The mbụ transistorized electronic kọmputa center NCR-304 na-kpọkọtara na United States site NCR na 1954 Otú ọ dị, mmụba nke ndị dị otú ahụ na kọmputa na-natara site 1960.

Ọgbọ nke atọ nke kọmputa

Dabere na ike circuit (n'oge 1960). -Akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe integrated circuit mgbawa, ma ọ bụ mgbawa (mgbawa translation si English - "zaa"). C 1965 na oru otu nke kasị mma na ígwè ọrụ nke ọgbọ nke atọ nke IBM / 360 ezinụlọ igwe ndị a iso nke asaa ụdị. Site n'ụzọ, 5 ọgbọ nke kọmputa bụ fundamentally adịghị nnọọ iche si agadi nwoke, na IBM yiri evolushọn kọmputa karịa mgbanwe.

ọgbọ anọ

Omume ọgbọ anọ na kọmputa na-ejikọrọ na mma nke integrated na sekit na sekit. Na 1950, ndị American K. Lark-Horovitz (Lark-Horovitz) dọọrọ uche gaa ekwe omume nke neutron doping nke chemical mmewere germanium. Nke a na usoro ná mmalite 60 malitere itinye aka sịlịkọn: ya ultrapure efere bidoro ibipụta integrated technology site na-akpọ nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ ike circuit (LSI), mgbe ahụ, - nnọọ ukwuu integrated na sekit na sekit (VLSI):

• 1000-10 LSI 000 mejupụtara ọcha na a okporo ọkụ mgbawa (a na crystal n'elu).
• VLSI nwere n'elu 10,000 mkpụrụ ndụ.

Omume nke LSI na VLSI sekit mere ka o kwe ha omume microprocessors.

The ise ọgbọ kọmputa

Site na nnukwu kọmputa nke ise ọgbọ na nke anọ nwere ọtụtụ nkịtị ịrịba ama na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na ikpokọta ha na otu ọgbọ. Ọ na-kweere na-ise na-kọmpat kọmputa mere maka otu ma ọ bụ abụọ ọrụ. First PC "Altair 8800" ụlọ ọrụ MITS (Micro Instrumentation na Telemetry Systems), e wepụtara na 1975. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ya "kọmputa" Apple m (1976) na Apple II (1977) ẹkenam Apple Computer. Mgbe ntọhapụ nke òtù nzuzo PC IBM PC na 1981 kọmputa akpatre meriri ụwa.

Otu ọzọ echiche

The arụmụka banyere ma ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-aghọta ihe 5 ọgbọ nke na kọmputa dị ka ihe amamihe ọhụrụ, ịbụ ogologo oge. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-akọrọ a na kọmputa na ọgbọ nke ngwaike mmiri, ọ na-enyo na ọbụna n'etiti atọ na nke anọ ọgbọ nke akara bụ nnọọ mkpa, ma i nwere ike na-ekwu okwu ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ onye ahụ nke microprocessors.

"Nke ise ọgbọ kọmputa" The okwu na oge bụ ejighị n'aka na a na-eji ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara kweere na amalite nke ihe e kere eke nke sọrọ-isi PC ke 2005.

Smartphone kama a na kọmputa?

Nnyocha na-arụ ụka, na otú ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke onye na kọmputa - bụghị a supercomputer maka nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ nsogbu, ya bụ na PC. The ugbu a na ogbo nke mmepe nke ọmụma na nkwurịta okwu na teknụzụ e ji nnọọ ngwa ngwa na ọ fọrọ nke nta n'otu oge mmepe nke na kọmputa na netwọk (karịsịa ọrụ egwuri site ntoputa nke Internet n'ụwa nile na netwọk, nke na-arụ ọrụ na ndabere nke World Wide Web - World Wide Web) na mobile nkwukọrịta. Na oge a na ama agụnye, n'ezie, niile na ọrụ nke a na kọmputa.

Dị ka kọmputa na netwọk nkà na ụzụ na mobile nkwukọrịta technology bụ mgbe niile a na-mma, n'ihi ya, ga-eme n'ọdịnihu mgbanwe na obere okwu dị oké njọ nnyocha na-ahụ n'ibelata nke ngwaọrụ n'emebighị arụmọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ugbu a na-adịkwaghị osisi (ofu) PC, nke nta nke nta na-anọchi ji ede, Laptọọpụ, ultrabooks na mbadamba kọmputa, n'oge na-adịghị na ha niile nwere ike dochie anya a ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke na kọmputa dabeere na kwalite smartphone.

Ọrụ pụrụ iche a ga-egwuri site ntoputa nke mgbanwe ngosipụta na-ama na-na-emepụta na US na Japan kemgbe 2008. Na mberede, ndị na-agbanwe Ngwa na tinye, dị ka a akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ na ha n'ogige atụrụ n'ime a tube ngosipụta ama na e kere (na isiokwu a, ị pụrụ ịhụ ha na foto).

Computers nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu

Isi olileanya ke direction metụtara na ngwa anya (photonic) kọmputa. Echiche nke ngwa anya (photonic) mgbawa - mgbawa rụrụ iji photons, nke na-eme site lasers ma ọ bụ diode - nwere a pụtara ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme. The uru pụtara ìhè: eji photons (na-akpụ akpụ na -agba nke na ìhè), ọ bụ ike iji nweta ihe akakamade elu nnyefe udu karịa iji electrons (dị ka ẹdude igwe).

Nke a ga-a isi itunanya na ubi nke ngwaike na-enye a revolutionary ọhụrụ (ugbu) 5 ọgbọ nke kọmputa. Echiche nke photonic kọmputa malitere chọta a ihe ike dị ka n'oge na-adịghị dị ka ndị Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US) na 1969 e buru amụma, na na 1976, e nwere ahụmahụ nke na-ngwa anya metastability. N'ihi na ngwaọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ndabere nke a onu na-achọ okporo ọkụ, uzo na a n'ógbè ụdịdị dị iche iche na bụ opaque na ndị ọzọ, na a sharply adịghị n'ahịrị ngwa anya e ji mara (e.g., indium antimonide). Logic na sekit na sekit na ndị dị otú ahụ ngwa anya ọcha nwere ike ejikwara na a ọsọ nke 1000 ijeri ezi uche arụmọrụ kwa nke abụọ.

Na July 2014 na Weizmann Institute (Israel) kere photonic rawụta - a ngwaọrụ dabeere na a otu atọm, ikike ka ịgbanwee otu kwantum ala ọzọ, na-enye ohere unit iduzi enwupụta ìhè na a nyere ụzọ. Photonic rawụta - a isi mmewere na ga-ike mbụ photonic kọmputa nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.

software Environment

Na ubi nke brainware omume breakthroughs metụtara na mmepe nke mgbakọ na mwepụ - ozizi automata na anya metụtara ozizi algọridim, computability ozizi na mgbakọ mgbagwoju Ozizi. Automata Ozizi, na ozizi algọridim - ngalaba nke oge gboo mgbakọ na mwepụ mgbagha, nke na-atụkwasịkwa uche ajụjụ nke ihe nwere ike akpaghị aka ma ọ bụ gbakọọ.

On ozizi algọridim dịrị n'ozizi computability (ozizi recursive ọrụ). Computational mgbagwoju ozizi (ma ọ bụ ozizi mgbakọ mgbagwoju) - ọzọ na ngalaba nke pụrụ iche mgbakọ na mwepụ, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na kọmputa sayensị. Isi nke a ozizi: "Gịnị bụ ego nke ego dị mkpa maka na ngụkọta oge (ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbu ahụ na-edozi computability)?" N'ihi na ọtụtụ ngwa, a ọrụ pụrụ iche na-egwuri site mmepe nke eserese Ozizi.

Ru ọgụgụ isi (ntụgharị)

Na sayensị akụkọ ifo fim na akwụkwọ ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ọgbọ nke kọmputa na-dị ka a ụdị nke wuru ọgụgụ isi, ndị bụrụkwa ọtụtụ ná ndị nsogbu, na ụfọdụ ( "The matriks", "The Terminator") bụ isiokwu a kpọrọ mmadụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ na fim na akwụkwọ ya ọrụ ime ka anyị na-eche ma ntụgharị otu mkpa, akpata mmụba mmasị video osisi na nnukwu photos.

Computers nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu n'ezie zubere inye ihe nke elu wuru ọgụgụ isi, ma ha nwere ihe ọ bụla mee ga-enweghị "egwu akụkọ" nke Hollywood blockbusters. Iji dozie nsogbu nke wuru ọgụgụ isi, akpan akpan maka mmepe nke ọgụgụ isi mkpebi support usoro (ISPPR), a na-eji ndị na-abụghị omenala alaka nke mgbakọ na mwepụ, dị ka ozizi ajị ajị tent na ajị ajị mgbagha, na ozizi, ohere na puru Ozizi.

Nchoputa

Modern kọmputa usoro na ọmụma technology bụ na a ga-esiwanye na-eji dị iche iche ubi nke ndụ mmadụ - na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, agụmakwụkwọ na omenala, na mmepụta, iga na ọrụ ndi. Ha na-etolite na style nke oge a ndụ, ya na omenala, nghọta nke ụwa na-eme. Otú ọ dị, na mmepe nke teknụzụ ndị a na-eburu ya ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ. Ya mere, ihe ọzọ mma nke ọmụma na nkwurịta okwu na ngwaọrụ ga-aga aka na aka na ndị humanization nke ọha mmadụ.