Chemical ọcha aha ya bụ mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Mmalite nke aha nke chemical ọcha

Chemistry - a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na a ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme. Na ya mmepe so ọtụtụ ama ọkà mmụta sayensị. Lee ngosipụta nke ha rụzuru na-na table nke chemical ọcha, ebe ọnụnọ nke a umi aha ya bụ na ha nsọpụrụ. Gịnị bụ ihe na ihe ndị mere na ha dị? Ka anyị tụlee n'ụzọ zuru ezu.

einsteinium

Amalite depụta chemical ọcha aha ya bụ mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eguzo na otu n'ime ndị kasị ama. Einstein ama artificially emepụta na aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke ukwuu ọmụmụ physics nke iri abụọ na narị afọ. Ihe mmewere ihe ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè nke 99, ọ dịghị anụ isotopes na transuranic na-ezo aka, nke nke meghere nke asaa. Otu ya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achoputala Ghiorso na December 1952. Chọta einsteinium omume n'ájá, nke na-anọgide na dị ka a n'ihi nke a ite gbawaranụ. N'ihi na oge mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na ya e rụrụ na radieshon Laboratory, University of California, na mgbe ahụ na Argonne na Los Alamos. The ọkara ndụ isotopes nke iri abụọ na ụbọchị, na-eme Einstein kasị dị ize ndụ redioaktivu ọcha. Ịmụ ya bụ nnọọ ihe siri ike n'ihi na ihe isi ike inweta na vitro. Na a metal na a elu volatility ọ ga-enwetara site na a chemical mmeghachi omume na lithium, na-enwetara kristal ga-iche ihu na-eche nanị cubic Ọdịdị. Na okenye ihe ngwọta, mmewere enye a green agba.

curium

History of nchọpụta nke chemical ọcha na ha metụtara Filiks bụ-agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị banyere ọrụ ezinụlọ a. Mariya Sklodovskaya na Per Kyuri mere a isi onyinye mmepe nke ụwa sayensị. Ọrụ ha dị ka nchoputa nke sayensị nke radioactivity egosiputa aha ya bụ mmewere karị. Curium bụ nke ndị ezinụlọ actinides na nwere ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 96. dịghị anụ isotopes nwere ya. N'ihi na oge mbụ ọ na-1944 America Seaborg, James na Ghiorso. Ụfọdụ isotopes nke curium iche incredibly ogologo ọkara ndụ. Na a nuclear chernobyl pụrụ kere na kilogram quantities mgbe ụzarị ọkụ neutrons uranium ma ọ bụ plutonium. curium mmewere bụ a silver metal na a agbaze uche na nnù ise na ọgu iri anọ degrees Celsius. Si ọzọ actinides, ọ na-iche site na ion mgbanwe usoro. A ike exotherm n'oge redioaktivu ire ere na-enye ohere ya na ojiji maka imewe nke kọmpat sized ugbu a na isi mmalite. Ndị ọzọ chemical ọcha aha ya bụ mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ ndị na-na-enweghị n'ezie bara uru ngwa, curium nwere ike ije ozi na ike a generator, ike na-arụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.

mendelevium

Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ichefu banyere Onye Okike nke ihe ndị kasị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onwu nhazi ọkwa usoro. Mendeleev bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke gara aga. Ya mere, ihe ndị mere nchọpụta nke chemical ọcha na-apụta ìhè ọ bụghị nanị na ya table, ma na-na aha na ya nsọpụrụ. The umi e nwetara na 1955 site American ọkà mmụta sayensị Harvey, Ghiorso, Choppinom, Thompson na Seaborg. Mendelevium mmewere bụ nke ndị ezinụlọ actinides na nwere ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 101. Ọ bụ redioaktivu na emee n'oge a nuclear mmeghachi omume ndị metụtara Einstein. N'ihi ya, ndị mbụ nwere of American ọkà mmụta sayensị ịga nke ọma n'inweta mendelevium iri na asa atọm, ma nke a ego zuru ezu iji chọpụta ya Njirimara na pụrụ isi chọta nke oge table.

nobelium

Oghere nke chemical ọcha-abụkarị n'ihi nke wuru Filiks ke laabu. Nke a na-emetụta ndị Nobel, nke e mbụ na-emepụta na 1957 otu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si Stockholm, onye chọrọ ka aha ya na nsọpụrụ nke nchoputa nke ntọala nke mba na nkà mmụta sayensị enọ. Mgbe ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè nke mmewere 102, ọ bụ nke ndị ezinụlọ actinides. Pụrụ ịdabere na data na isotopes nke nobelium na e nwetara site na-eme nnyocha na sixties nke Soviet Union, nke bụ isi nke Flerov. N'ihi U ntọala njikọ, Pu na Am ion na ụzarị ọkụ O, N, Ne. Dị ka a n'ihi nke isotopes na uka nọmba nwetara si 250 na 260, ọtụtụ nke bụ ogologo ini mmewere na a ọkara ndụ na a ọkara awa n'ogologo. Volatility nobelium chloride yiri nke ndị ọzọ actinides, dị ka pụta nwetara na nnwale na laboratories.

lawrencium

Chemical mmewere nke ezinụlọ actinides na ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 103, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ yiri, e nwetara artificially. Anụ isotopes nke Lawrence e. N'ihi na oge mbụ, o nwere ike synthesize ndị American ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-aga Ghiorso, na 1961. The ibuo pụta nwere ike agaghị eme ọzọ, ma ọ bụ na mbụ na aha nke ahọrọ mmewere anọgide n'otu. Ozi banyere isotopes nwere ike inweta Soviet physics na Joint Institute maka Nuclear Research na Dubna. Ha nwetara ha site irradiation nke americium accelerated oxygen ion. Ọ maara na Lawrence ntọala ewepụtarịrị radioactivity na ọkara ndụ bụ ihe dị ka ọkara a nkeji. Na 1969, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si Dubna jisiri ọzọ isotopes nke ihe mmewere. Physics si University of Berkeley kere ọhụrụ na 1971. ha uka nọmba malite si 257 na 260, na tụgharịa si na-kasị mụ isotope na a ọkara ndụ nke atọ nkeji n'ogologo. Chemical Njirimara nke lawrencium yie ndị ọzọ arọ actinides - ọ e guzobere ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere.

Rutherfordium

Depụtasịrị chemical ọcha aha ya bụ mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ ndị kwesịrị maa banyere nke a. Rutherfordium nwere a Oghere Usoro ọgụgụ 104 na bụ akụkụ nke anọ otu nke oge usoro. First transuranic mmewere kee jisiri ìgwè nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si Dubna na 1964. Nke a mere na California carbon atọm bombardment nuclei. A ọhụrụ mmewere e kpebiri ka aha mgbe mmiri ọgwụ Rutherford si New Zealand. Na ọdịdị, Rutherford hụrụ. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ-biri isotope nwere ọkara ndụ nke iri isii na ise sekọnd ogologo. Uru ngwa a mmewere nke oge table bụghị ugbu a.

Seaborg

The chọpụtara nke chemical ọcha aghọwo akụkụ bụ isi nke ọrụ physics Albert Ghiorso si United States. Seaborgium ha nwetara 1974. Nke a bụ a chemical mmewere si isii otu nke oge table nwere ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè nke 106 na a ibu 263. Ọ hụrụ ka a n'ihi nke bombardment nke oxygen atọm californium nuclei. The usoro tụgharịa si nanị ole na ole atọm, otú a zuru ezu ọmụmụ nke Njirimara nke mmewere siri ike. Na ọdịdị, redioaktivu metal seaborgium adịghị ime, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ naanị na nkà mmụta sayensị mmasị.

Boriy

Depụtasịrị chemical ọcha aha ya bụ mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ọ bụ uru banyere nke a. Boriy na-ezo aka nke asaa otu nke oge usoro Mendeleev. Ọ nwere ihe ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè nke 107 na a ibu 262. The oge mbụ ọ na-nwetara na 1981 na Germany, na obodo nke Darmstadt. Ọkà mmụta sayensị Armbrust na Munzenberg kpebiri aha ya na nsọpụrụ nke Niels Bohr. Nkwadebe mmewere a dị ka a n'ihi nke bismuth atọm bombardment chromium nuclei. Boriy ezo aka transuranic ọla. nanị ole na ole atọm e nwetara na nnwale, nke bụ zuru ezu maka nke ọma ọmụmụ. Nke bụ enweghị atụ na ọdịdị, Boriy mkpa nanị n'ime kpuchie nke nkà mmụta sayensị na mmasị, ke otu ụzọ dị ka e kwuru n'elu Rutherford, na-kere artificially na laabu.