Lanthanides na actinides: ọnọdụ na oge usoro

Onye ọ bụla nke chemical ọcha gosiri na Earth shells: ikuku na hydrosphere lithosphere - nwere ike ije ozi dị ka a na-egbuke egbuke atụ ikwado isi atọm na molekụla ozizi oge iwu. Ha na-formulated-enye ìhè nke Natural History - Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị M. V. Lomonosovym na D. I. Mendeleevym. Lanthanides na Actinides - ezinụlọ abụọ, nke nkejikotara 14 chemical ọcha, nakwa dị ka ọla ha - lanthanum na actinium. Ha Njirimara - ma nke anụ ahụ na chemical - na-elebara site anyị na-arụ ọrụ a. Ke adianade do, anyị na-ekpebi ọnọdụ ndị oge usoro nke hydrogen, lanthanides, actinides na-adabere na Ọdịdị nke elektrọn orbitals nke atọm.

History of chọpụtara

Ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 18 YU gadolinium e nwetara site mbụ compound si ìgwè nke obere ala metal - oxide nke yttrium. Ruo mgbe narị afọ nke 20, ekele research site G. Moseley na onwu matara nke ịdị adị nke a otu nke ọla. Ha na-emi odude ke oge table n'etiti lanthanum na hafnium. Ọzọ chemical mmewere - anemones, dị ka lanthanum, bụ ezinụlọ 14 redioaktivu chemical ọcha na-akpọ actinides. Ha chọpụtara na nkà mmụta sayensị mere kemgbe 1879 ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20. Lanthanides na actinides nwere otutu myirịta na anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara. Nke a nwere ike kọwara ndokwa nke electrons na atọm ndị a ọla, nke di na ike na ọkwa, ya bụ lanthanide bụ nke anọ larịị nke f-sublayer, na maka actinides - ise larịị nke f-sublayer. Ọzọ, anyị na-atụle elektrọn shells nke atọm nke n'elu-e kwuru ọla ke ihe zuru ezu.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ n'ime mgbanwe ọcha na ìhè nke atọm-molekụla Ozizi

Amamiihe chọpụtara nke ihe owuwu nke na Lomonosov bụ ihe ndabere maka inwekwu amụ elektrọn shells nke atọm. Rutherford nlereanya nke elementrị urughuru Ọdịdị nke a chemical mmewere, ndị Max Planck nnyocha, F. Hund kwere chemists chọta nkọwa ziri ezi nke ẹdude iwu nke oge mgbanwe nke anụ ahụ na nke chemical Njirimara, nke na-ji ndị lanthanides na actinides. Ị apụghị ileghara ọrụ dị mkpa nke oge iwu D. I. Mendeleeva n'ọmụmụ Ọdịdị nke atọm mgbanwe ọcha. Ka anyị tụlee nke a nke zuru ezu karị.

Ebe ime mgbanwe ọcha na oge usoro D. I. Mendeleeva

Na-atọ otu nke isii - a ogologo oge - maka ezinụlọ metal bụ lanthanum, cerium ma mee ndokwa lutetium yana idobe okirikiri. Na lanthanum atọm 4F-sublayer efu kpam ejupụta na lutetium 14 electrons. Na ọcha ewekarị therebetween, e nwere a jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na ndochi nke f-orbitals. Na ndị ezinụlọ actinides - si thorium ka lawrencium - hụrụ otu ụkpụrụ dị ka ìgwè na-ezighị ezi na ebubo ahụ, naanị ihe dị iche: ndochi nke electrons n'abu 5f-sublayer. Ọdịdị nke elu ume larịị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-adịghị mma ahụ na ya (hà abụọ) nke niile dị n'elu ọla myiri. Eziokwu a na-aza ajụjụ banyere ihe mere lanthanides na actinides, a na-akpọ n'ime mgbanwe ọcha, nwere ọtụtụ myirịta.

Ụfọdụ na isi mmalite nke chemical akwụkwọ nke ma ezinụlọ na-jikọrọ n'ime abụọ n'akụkụ nke subgroup. Ha na-ebu abụọ metal si ezinụlọ ọ bụla. Na obere ụdị nke oge usoro nke chemical ọcha di Mendeleev nnọchiteanya nke ezinụlọ ndị a na-kewapụrụ na table onwe ya na ndokwa iche iche e nyere ahịrị. Ya mere, ọnọdụ nke lanthanides na actinides na oge table kwekọrọ na general plan nke ihe owuwu nke atọm na periodicity nke ndochi electrons n'ime etoju, na ọnụnọ nke otu ọxịdashọn mere ka ịdị n'otu nke esịtidem mgbanwe ọla n'ozuzu iche iche. Na ndị a chemical ọcha Nwere atụmatụ na Njirimara Ẹkot lanthanum ma ọ bụ actinium. Ọ bụ ya mere lanthanides na actinides wepụrụ si na tebụl nke chemical ọcha.

Dị ka electronic nhazi nke f-sublayer ekpebi Njirimara nke ọla

Dị ka anyị kwuru na mbụ, ọnọdụ nke lanthanides na actinides na oge usoro ozugbo ekpebi ha anụ ahụ na chemical e ji mara. N'ihi ya, ion nke cerium, gadolinium, na ndị ọzọ ihe nke ndị ezinụlọ lanthanides nwere nnukwu ígwé na oge, n'ihi na bughi atụmatụ nke f-sub. Ọ bụ omume na-eji ọla dị ka dopants maka amị Semiconductors na magnetik Njirimara. Sulfides ezinụlọ ọcha actinium (e.g., sulfide protactinium, thorium) ha irighiri nwere a mbuaha ụdị chemical bonding: ionic-covalent ma ọ bụ covalent-dara. Nke a bughi mma emewo ka ntoputa nke ọhụrụ anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara na ozi dị ka azịza ajụjụ nke mere lanthanides na actinides nwere fluorescent Njirimara. Dị ka ihe atụ, a sample nke actinium silver glows na ọchịchịrị bluish-egbukepụ egbukepụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ihe nke eletrik metal ion, photons nke ìhè, nke pụtara n'okpuru nduzi nke excitation nke atọm na electrons nime ya "na-awụlikwa elu" ka a elu ume larịị na mgbe laghachi ha anyịnya orbit. Ọ bụ n'ihi na nke a mere na lanthanides na actinides bụ phosphors.

The esi nke na mbenata ionic radii nke atọm

Na lanthanum na actinium, dị ka ihe si na ezinụlọ ha, a monotonic ọnụ ke size egosi radii nke metal ion. Na onwu, dị otú ahụ ikpe na-ekwu okwu nke lanthanide na actinide mkpakọ. Onwu ka esonụ ụkpụrụ: na-amụba-ndebe nke ntọala nke atọm, mgbe ndị ọcha nke otu na otu oge na ha radii ọnụ. Nke a nwere ike kọwara dị ka ndị a: n'ihi na ọla dị ka cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike na ọkwa nke atọm na mgbe hà isii. Otú ọ dị nuclei ebubo karị incremented otu na-emekwa +58, +59, +60. Nke a pụtara na enwekwu ike nke mma nke dị n'ime shells nke electrons n'ebe ghaghị ebubo ntọala. N'ihi ya, e nwere a Mbelata nke radii nke atọm. The ionic metal ogige na-amụba ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè nke ionic radii na-belata. Mgbanwe ndị yiri ndị hụrụ ndị ọcha actinium ezinụlọ. Ọ bụ ya mere lanthanides na actinides na-akpọ ejima. Mbenata ion radii edu bụ isi a-agwụ ike nke isi Njirimara nke hydroxides nke Ce (OH) _3, Ilu (OH) _3, na isi nke lutetium ama egosipụta amphoteric Njirimara.

Na-atụghị anya ya pụta na-eduga na-ejuputa 4F-sublevel unpaired electrons na orbitals ọkara europium atọm. Ọ Atọm okirikiri na-adịghị ebelata, kama ụba. Na-esonụ ya na usoro nke lanthanides gadolinium 5d-sublevel, e nwere otu elektrọn 4F-sublevel yiri EU. Ndị dị otú ahụ a Ọdịdị akpata ihe mberede ọnụ ke okirikiri nke gadolinium atọm. A yiri onu a hụrụ na a ụzọ ytterbium - lutetium. The mbụ mmewere nke atọm okirikiri nke a nnukwu ruru ka mezue ejuputa 4F-sublayer, mgbe lutetium ya inikiet inikiet mbelata dị ka on 5d-sublevel elektrọn hụrụ anya. Na actinium na ndị ọzọ na redioaktivu ọcha na ezinụlọ a radii nke atọm na ion anaghị agbanwe monotonically, ma dị ka nke ọma dị ka na nke lanthanides, na mmali na bụkwa mkpụrụ. N'ihi ya, lanthanides na actinides bụ ọcha na nke Njirimara nke ha ogige correlatively adabere ionic okirikiri na Ọdịdị nke elektrọn shells nke atọm.

valence ekwu

Lanthanides na actinides bụ ọcha onye e ji mara na-nnọọ yiri. Karịsịa, banyere ha ọxịdashọn na-ekwu na valence nke ion na atọm. Ka ihe atụ, thorium, protactinium, na-egosi a valency nke atọ, na ogige nke Nke (OH) _3, PaCl _3, ThF _3, Pa ₂ (CO _{3) 3.} All nke a bekee bụ unyi anaghị agbasa na nwere otu chemical Njirimara dị ka ọla si ezinụlọ lanthanum cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, na na. d. lanthanides na ndị a ogige ga-trivalent. Ihe atụ ndị a na-egosi na correctness anyị ekwu na lanthanides na actinides - ejima. Ha nwere yiri anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara. Nke a nwere ike kọwara isi Ọdịdị nke elektrọn orbitals na atọm n'ezinụlọ abụọ nke esịtidem mgbanwe ọcha.

metal Njirimara

All ndị nnọchiteanya abụọ nke ndị dị iche iche na-ọla na a na-dechara 4f-, 5f-, nakwa dị ka d-sublevels. Lanthanum na ihe nke obere ụwa na-akpọ ezinụlọ ya. Ha n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na chemical e ji mara bụ otú yiri na iche iche n'okpuru laabu ọnọdụ, ha na-iche esiri ya ezigbo ike. Na-egosi mgbe ndị ọxịdashọn ala +3, lanthanum usoro ọcha nwere ọtụtụ myirịta na alkaline ụwa ọla (barium, calcium, strontium). Actinides nwekwara nnọọ ifịk ọla na mgbakwunye na-redioaktivu.

Structural atụmatụ nke lanthanides na actinides na nchegbu maka Njirimara dị ka ihe atụ, finely kewara pyrophoric. E nwekwara a gụnyere ya ná size of metal ihu na-eche nanị crystalline lattices. Tinye na niile chemical ọcha nke ma ezinụlọ - a metal na a ọlaọcha sheen, ruru akwa reactivity nke ngwa ngwa agbawanye ọchịchịrị ikuku. Ha na-ekpuchi iche oxide film, nke na-echebe ya si n'ihu ọxịdashọn. All ọcha bụ zuru ezu refractory ma e wezụga neptunium, na plutonium, agbaze okpomọkụ bụ budata n'okpuru 1000 Celsius C.

E ji mara chemical Jeremaya mere

Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, lanthanides na actinides bụ na ya nọ n'ọrụ ọla. N'ihi ya, lanthanum, cerium na ndị ọzọ na ndị òtù ezinụlọ nwere ike mfe a ga-ejikọrọ na mfe bekee - halogens, nakwa dị ka site, carbon. Lanthanides nwekwara ike emekọ ma carbon monoxide na carbon dioxide. Ha na-ike iji na-amalite irekasị mmiri. Ke adianade mfe salts, dị ka SeCl ₃ ma ọ bụ PrF _3, ha na-etolite abụọ salts. Na gbasara nyocha onwu, ogide ihe dị mkpa n'ebe ahụ mmeghachi omume na lanthanide metal-glycine na citric asịd. Ihe mgbagwoju ogige ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks na-etinyere maka nkewa nke a ngwakọta nke lanthanides, dị ka ores.

Site na mmeghachi omume na a nitrate, chloride na sulfate asịd, ọla-etolite na kwekọrọ ekwekọ salts. Ha ngwa ngwa soluble n'ime mmiri na bụ mfe ike nke na-akpụ crystalline hydrates. Ọ ga-kwuru na okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke lanthanide salts na-acha, nke na-kọwara site n'iru na ha ion. Solutions nke salts nke samarium na praseodymium green, nd - ọbara ọbara-acha odo odo, promethium na europium - pink. Ebe ọ bụ na ion na ọxịdashọn ala +3 bụ acha, ọ na-eji na gbasara nyocha onwu maka nchọpụta nke metal ion, lanthanides (a na-akpọ elu-edu mmeghachi omume). N'ihi otu nzube na-eji ụzọ nke chemical analysis dị ka fractional crystallization na ion mgbanwe chromatography.

Na abụọ nke actinides ìgwè nke ọcha nwere ike oké. Nke a bụ Berkeley, ugbo, mendelevium, nobelium, lawrencium na uranium, neptunium, plutonium, omeretsy. The chemical Njirimara ndị yiri onye mbụ na lanthanum ọla si ya na ezinụlọ ya. Ihe nke abụọ otu nwere yiri nnọọ chemical e ji mara (n'ụzọ yiri ka onye ọ bụla ọzọ). All actinides ngwa ngwa emekọ na-abụghị ọla: sọlfọ, nitrogen, carbon. Na oxygen legandami ha na-etolite mgbagwoju ogige. Dị ka a pụrụ hụrụ, ma ndị ezinụlọ nke ọla yiri onye ọ bụla ọzọ na chemical omume. Ọ bụ ya mere lanthanides na actinides ọla-akpọkarị ejima.

Ọnọdụ hydrogen oge usoro, lanthanides, na actinides

Ọ dị mkpa ka gaa na akaụntụ eziokwu na hydrogen bụ ya zuru ezu reactive umi. Ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya, dabere na chemical mmeghachi omume ọnọdụ: dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na oxidizing n'ụlọnga. Ọ bụ ya mere na oge usoro, hydrogen bụ n'out oge na isi subgroups nke abụọ dị iche iche.

The mbụ hydrogen-eme dị ka a na mbenata gị n'ụlọnga, nakwa dị ka alkali ọla, emi odude ebe a. Nwụrụ na ebe nke 7th otu tinyere ọcha halogens egosi ya resilience. Nke isii oge ọ bụ, dị ka na mbụ kwuru, ndị ezinụlọ lanthanides, sụgharịrị na a iche iche n'usoro maka na mma na compactness nke table. Seventh oge nwere a ìgwè nke redioaktivu ọcha na e ji mara yiri actin. Actinides na-emi odude n'èzí table nke chemical ọcha di Mendeleev n'okpuru nso lanthanum ezinụlọ. Ndị a na ihe nke ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ na-amụ, ebe ntọala nke ha atọm ndị na-ejighị n'aka ruru ka radioactivity. Cheta na ndị lanthanides na actinides Na esịtidem mgbanwe ọcha, na ha physicochemical e ji mara ndị yiri nnọọ.

General ụzọ amị metal ụlọ ọrụ

Ewezuga thorium, protactinium na uranium, nke na-emepụta site kpọmkwem site ores, ọzọ actinides nwere ike njikere site irradiating samples of uranium metal aga ngwa ngwa na-akpali akpali neutrons. Na ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ neptunium na plutonium amịpụtara si nọrọ mmanụ nuclear ngwa agha. Rịba ama na inweta actinides - pụtara mgbagwoju na oké ọnụ usoro, isi ụzọ nke na-ion mgbanwe na multistage mmịpụta. Lanthanides, nke na-akpọ obere ụwa ọcha, nwetara site electrolysis nke chlorides ma ọ bụ fluorides. Iji nweta ultrapure lanthanides, mee metallothermal usoro.

Ebe itinye esịtidem mgbanwe ọcha

The ụdịdị dị iche iche nke iji nke ọla nke anyị na-amụ bụ nnọọ n'uju. N'ihi na a na ezinụlọ nke actinium - bụ, n'elu ihe nile, ngwá agha nuklia na ume. Actinides dị mkpa na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, oghom nchọpụta, ebighị analysis. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-eleghara iji ihe lanthanides na actinides, dị ka neutron kpọọ na nuclear reactors na isi mmalite. Lanthanides na-eji dị ka alloying mgbakwunye ígwè na ígwè, dị ka nke ọma dị ka na mmepụta nke phosphors.

Nkesa na ọdịdị

Oxides nke actinides na lanthanides na-akpọkarị zirconium, thorium, yttrium earths. Ha bụ ebe bụ isi maka iche ọla. Uranus, dị ka isi nnọchiteanya nke actinides bụ na elu oyi akwa nke lithosphere n'ụdị anọ na ụdị nke ores ma ọ bụ mineral. Mbụ niile, ọ bụ pitchblende, nke bụ uranium dioxide. Ọ bụ elu ọdịnaya nke metal. Ọtụtụ mgbe esonyere radium uranium dioxide ego (veins). Ha na-hụrụ na Canada, France, Zaire. Okụre thorium na uranium ores mgbe nwere ndị ọzọ ores nke bara uru ọla, dị ka ọlaedo ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha.

Ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ngwaọrụ ọgaranya Russia, South Africa, Canada na Australia. Ụfọdụ sedimentary nkume nwere ịnweta carnotite. Ya Ọdịdị, na mgbakwunye na uranium, vanadium na-abatakwa ọzọ. The anọ ụdị raw uranium - a phosphate ore na zhelezouranovye slates. Ha mee bụ na Morocco, Sweden na United States. Ugbu a, na-ekwe nkwa na ha na-ego nke lignite na ike coal, uranium nwere adịghị. Ha na-emepụta na Spain, na Czech Republic, nakwa dị ka abụọ US na-ekwu, - North na South Dakota.