Computer Charles Babbage. Biography, echiche na mepụtara nke Charles Babbage

Charlz Bebbidzh - English mgbakọ na mwepụ, mmewe, ndị a haziri nke mbụ akpaka digital kọmputa. Ke adianade do, o nyeere ike oge a English nzi ozi usoro na ya bụ onye mbụ pụrụ ịdabere actuarial tebụl, mepụtakwara a ụdị spidomita na ụgbọ okporo ígwè puteochistitel.

Biography nke Charles Babbage

A mụrụ na London on December 26, 1791 na akụ bụ nwunye na ezinụlọ Praeds Benjamin Babbage, nwe Bitton Estate na Teignmouth na Betsi Plamli ụdị. Na 1808 ezinụlọ ya kpebiri ịkwaga Old Road House, emi odude ke East Teignmouth, na nna ya bụ ndị na-elekọta nke St. Michael ndị agbata obi chọọchị.

Nna Charles bụ ọgaranya, n'ihi ya, o nwere ike ịmụta a ole na ole nọ n'ọkwá dị elu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Na 8 afọ o nwere na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'obodo iji naghachi n'aka a dị ize ndụ ọrịa. Nne na nna ya kpebiri na nwa ụbụrụ, "ga-enweghị ka nsogbu kwa." Dị ka Babbage, "oké nkịtị nwere ike mere ka ụmụ ya ụfọdụ kwuru."

O denyere aha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ King Edward VI na Totnes, South Devon, a eme ihe iche iche ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, nke na-arụ ọrụ a ụbọchị, ma ala nke ahụ ike na oge nke na-ese Charles ịgakwuru onwe nduzi. N'ikpeazụ, o ruru emechi Academy 30 ụmụ akwụkwọ, edu Reverend Stiven Friman. The alụmdi nwere ọtụtụ ihe n'ọbá akwụkwọ, nke Babbage eji maka onwe-amụ ná mgbakọ na mwepụ na mụtara hụrụ ya n'anya. Mgbe ahapụ Academy, o nwere ihe abụọ onye abara. Otu n'ime ha bụ ndị ụkọchukwu nke Cambridge, na nke ozizi nke Charles zara dị ka ndị a: "Ana m atụ egwu m mụtara niile uru na ike ga-esi." The ọzọ a prọfesọ na Oxford. Ọ kụziiri ndị ochie nke Charles Babbage, na ọ nwere ike na-anabata na Cambridge.

Na-amụ na ndị University

Na October 1810, Babbage rutere Cambridge na debara aha na Trinity College. O nwere ihe ndị magburu onwe agụmakwụkwọ - Lagrange maara Leibniz, Lacroix, simpson na e kpọrọ edikpu dị mgbakọ na mwepụ na mmemme. N'ihi ya, ọ na John Herschel, George ekwuru ụlọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ enyi kpebiri etolite gbasara nyocha Society.

Mgbe na 1812 Babbage zigara Peter House Cambridge, ọ bụ ihe kasị mma mgbakọ na mwepụ; ma ọ gụchara na ukpono. Asọpụrụ ogo ọ natara gasịrị, ọbụna na-enweghị na-agafe ule na 1814.

Na 1814 Charlz Bebbidzh ndọ Georgiana Whitmore. Nna-ya, n'ihi na ihe ọ bụla na ihe mere, mgbe gọzie ya. Ezinụlọ bi na udo London, na Devonshire Street, 5. naanị atọ nke ụmụ ha asatọ ọbọhọ ịghọ okenye.

Nna Charles, nwunye ya na otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwụrụ n'ụzọ dị mwute na 1827.

kọmputa oru ngo

Na ụbọchị nke Charles Babbage na ngụkọta oge nke mgbakọ na mwepụ tebụl mgbe anyị na-eme a ndudue, otú o kpebiri chọta a ọhụrụ usoro nke ga-eme ya pụrụ ịkpata, na-ewepụ mmadụ njehie. The echiche a mụrụ ya site na ya ukwuu n'oge, na 1812.

Atọ dị iche iche ihe na-enwe mmetụta nnabata nke mkpebi dị otú ahụ:

• O nweghịkwa mmasị na akpachapụghị anya na inaccuracy;
• ọ dị mfe logarithmic tebụl;
• Anyị na-sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ dị na-arụ ọrụ na ịgbakọ igwe W. Schickard, B. onwa na Leibniz.

Basic ụkpụrụ nke ngụkọta oge na ngwaọrụ, ọ tụlere a akwụkwọ ozi Sir H. Davy na mmalite nke 1822.

dị iche engine

Babbage ọkọnọ ihe ọ kpọrọ a "dị iche engine", ndị Royal Astronomical Society June 14, 1822 na a akwụkwọ isiokwu ya bụ "Notes na ojiji nke igwe mgbakọ nke dị na mbara igwe na mgbakọ na mwepụ tebụl." O nwere ike gbakọọ polynomials eji a space usoro a na-akpọ ihe dị iche.

Society mma echiche, na na 1823 ọchịchị nyere ya na £ 1,500 na ya ụlọ. Babbage mere na otu nke ụlọ nke ya n'ụlọ ya ogbako na goro Dzhozefa Klementa na-elekọta ndị na-ewu nke ngwaọrụ. Onye ọ bụla akụkụ nwere ike mere aka na-enyemaka nke pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime nke o mepụtara. Charles mere a otutu njem ulo oru ụlọ ọrụ mma ịghọta mmepụta n'ibu. Dabere na ndị njem na ya onwe ya ahụmahụ na-eke igwe na 1832 Babbage bipụtara a akwụkwọ "Na aku na uba nke ígwè na mmepụta." Ọ bụ nke mbụ n'akwụkwọ nke ihe a na taa na-akpọ "na nkà mmụta sayensị nzukọ nke mmepụta."

Personal ọdachi na a njem Europe

nwunye Georgiana ọnwụ, nna Charles Babbage na obere nwa ya etre ewu ewu na 1827. Jobs ike anyịgbu ya, na ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ida. Dzhon Gershel na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ enyi kwenyere Babbage ka a njem Europe na gbakee. O mere njem site na Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, na-eleta mahadum na ụlọ ọrụ.

Na Italy, ọ chọpụtara na ọ họpụtara Lucasian Prọfesọ nke Mathematics na Cambridge University. Ná mmalite, ọ chọrọ inye elu, ma enyi mekwara ya n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ. On ya laghachiri England na 1828 ọ kwagara Dorset Street, 1.

resuming

N'oge na-anọghị nke Babbage si Iche Engine oru ngo-abịa n'okpuru ọkụ. Asịrị na ọ egbughị ọchịchị ego na igwe-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma na ọ ga-enweghị ihe bara uru mmetụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọ e mere. Dzhon Gershel na Royal Society nke n'ihu ọha gbachiteere oru ngo. The ọchịchị aka iso ya nkwado site n'inye £ 1,500 April 29, 1829, £ 3,000 on December 3, na otu February 24, 1830. Ọrụ aka iso, ma Babbage mgbe niile nwere nsogbu na-ego si na-edebe ego.

Gbahapụrụ nke oru ngo

Financial nsogbu nke Charles Babbage coincided na nkpasu-iwe nke nghọtahie na Clement. Babbage obibi ha wuru a abụọ-storey, 15 mita-ogologo omumuihe. O nwere iko ụlọ ọkụ, nakwa dị ka fireproof ọcha ụlọ maka nchekwa nke igwe. Clement jụrụ ịkwaga n'ime ọhụrụ ahịa ma choro ego iji gaa gburugburu obodo na-elekọta ọrụ ahụ. Ná nzaghachi Babbage kpọrọ ya na-enweta ụgwọ kpọmkwem site atụnye. Clement jụrụ na kwụsịrị ọrụ na oru ngo.

Ọzọkwa, ọ jụrụ nyefee Eserese na ngwá ọrụ na-eji ike ukpụhọde Engine. Mgbe etinye £ 23,000, gụnyere £ 6,000 nke hara nhatanha Babbage, ọrụ na-ahụkarị uko ngwaọrụ kwụsịrị na 1834. Na 1842, ndị ọchịchị na eze hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ.

Charlz Bebbidzh na gbasara nyocha Engine

Anya site nchepụta nke Iche Engine m malitere iche echiche banyere ya mma ụdị. N'agbata 1833 na 1842, Charles nọ na-agbalị iru a ngwaọrụ na ike ga-kenyere na-emepụta ọ bụla ngụkọta oge, ọ bụghị nanị metụtara polynomial arụmarụ. The mbụ itunanya mgbe ọ ibugharị na mmepụta nke ngwa na ya ọsọ ọsọ maka inwekwu ngwọta nke arụmarụ. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka a igwe na "riri ya ọdụ." Ọ weghị mata isi ihe nke gbasara nyocha engine.

Charles Babbage kọmputa ịbanye data na ntụziaka banyere mkpa mgbawa eji ntụmadị kaadị, biiri si Jacquard ekwe. The ngwa ẹkewetde nke abụọ n'akụkụ: na na nkume igwe nri na nchekwa. Mill, kwekọrọ ekwekọ na processor nke a oge a na kọmputa, igosi arụmọrụ na data nwetara site na repository, nke nwere ike ga-atụle ka ebe nchekwa. Ọ bụ ụwa mbụ general-nzube kọmputa.

Computer Charles Babbage e mere na 1835. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-arụ ọrụ bụ n'ezie ịrịba. Babbage na ọtụtụ inyeaka kere 500 nnukwu imewe Eserese, 1,000 Ibé akwụkwọ nke n'ibu na akara na nkowa nke 7,000 Ibé akwụkwọ. Dechara na nkume igwe nri bụ 4.6 m elu na 1.8 m n'obosara. Nchekwa 100 digits akp ka 7.6 m. N'ihi na ha ọhụrụ igwe Babbage wuru a obere ule iberibe. Ofụri Esịt igwe na-adịghị agwụ agwụ. Na 1842, mgbe ugboro ugboro ọma mgbalị iji nweta ọchịchị ego, ọ tụgharịrị na Sir Robert Peel. Ọ jụrụ, kama nyere ya a knighthood. Babbage jụrụ. Ọ nọgidere na-gbanwee ma melite imewe maka ọtụtụ afọ na-abịa.

Countess nke Lovelace

Na October 1842 Federiko Luidzhi, Italian n'ozuzu na mgbakọ na mwepụ, o bipụtara otu isiokwu banyere gbasara nyocha Engine. Augusta Ada King, Countess nke Lovelace, andikabuana enyi Babbage, sụgharịa ọrụ n'ime English. Charles kpọrọ ya iji nye translation ndetu. N'etiti 1842 na 1843 na nwunye ọnụ dere ndetu 7, ngụkọta ogologo nke bụ ugboro atọ ahụ n'ezie size nke isiokwu. Na otu onye n'ime ha Hell kwadebere a table nke usoro ihe omume, nke Babbage kere gbakọọ Bernoulli nọmba. Na ọzọ, o dere banyere generalized algebraic ígwè ọrụ nke pụrụ ịrụ arụmọrụ na akara nakwa dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ha. Lovelace eleghị anya ndị mbụ na-aghọta a ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Babbage si ngwaọrụ, na ụfọdụ na-atụle ya ka ụwa mbụ kọmputa programmer. Ọ malitere na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ, na-akọwa gbasara nyocha engine na ihe nkowa, ma enweghị oge rụchaa ya.

engineering ọrụ ebube

Na oge n'etiti October 1846 na March 1849 nke Babbage malitere emebe a abụọ dị iche nke igwe, na-eji ihe ọmụma nweela ike ha analysis. Ọ na-eji naanị 8000 iberibe, ugboro atọ na-erughị ke akpa. Ọ bụ a ọrụ ebube nke injinịa.

N'ụzọ dị iche na analysis, nke ọ bụ mgbe niile tweaked na gbanwetụrụ, nke abụọ Iche Engine mgbe ẹkụre mbụ development adọ unaltered. N'ọdịnihu, ndị nchepụta mere dịghị mgbalị iji na-ewu a na ngwaọrụ.

24 nke ịbịaru nọgidere na-edebe ihe ochie nke Museum nke Science, ruo mgbe Charles Babbage echiche na-emejuputa atumatu na 1985-1991, ihe e kere eke nke a zuru-size oyiri na oge nke 200th ncheta nke mụrụ ya. Akụkụ ngwaọrụ mere 3.4 m n'ogologo, 2.1 m na ịdị elu na 46 cm ke omimi, na arọ ya - 2.6 tọn. Nke ziri ezi na ókè na-ejedebeghị na ụkpụrụ na ike ga-enweta mgbe ahụ.

rụzuru

Na 1824, Babbage merie ndị Gold Nrite nke Royal Astronomical Society "maka ya mepụtara nke igwe maka ịgbakọ mgbakọ na mwepụ na nkà mmụta mbara igwe tebụl".

Site 1828 na 1839 Babbage bụ Lucasian Prọfesọ nke Mathematics na Cambridge. O dere maka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị periodicals, ma instrumental na e kere eke nke Astronomical Society na 1820 na Statistical Society na 1834.

Na 1837, anabatakwa 8 ukara Bridgewater inem "On ike, amamihe na ịdị mma nke Chineke dika emere ka oputa na Creation", o bipụtara nke itoolu Bridgewater inem etinye na-atụ na echiche na Chineke, nwere omnipotence na ilepụ anya n'ihu, kere a Chineke omeiwu, na-amị iwu ( ma ọ bụ mmemme) nke ahụ na oge kwesịrị ekwesị kere umu, si otú iwepu mkpa ịrụ ọrụ ebube oge ọ bụla dị mkpa iji ike ọhụrụ umu. The akwụkwọ nwere dere ede akwụkwọ si mmekorita na John Herschel na isiokwu.

Charlz Bebbidzh nwekwara enweta ọwọrọiso arụpụta Cryptography. Ọ mebiri cipher igwe; nakwa dị ka ihe na-adịghị ike cipher na a maara ugbu a dị ka ndị Vigenère cipher. Oghere Babbage ya ji mee ihe British agha na e bipụtara na a afọ ole na ole. N'ihi ya, ikike n'ọkwá ebe Frederick Kasiski, bịara otu ihe a afọ ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị.

Na 1838 Babbage mepụtakwara puteochistitel, metal etiti bụ mmasị na n'ihu locomotive, na-ekpocha ihe mgbochi si ụzọ. Ọ na-ẹkenịmde a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọmụmụ na Great Western Railway Isambard Brunel Kingdoma.

Ọ bụ nanị otu ugboro gbalịrị ịbanye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe na 1832, o weere akụkụ na ntuli aka ke obio Finsbury. Esonụ a votu, Babbage were ikpeazụ ebe.

Mgbakọ na mwepụ, mmewe, akpa October 18, 1871 na afọ 79 na afọ.

Parts of emechaghi ndokwa kọmputa kere ya dị ileta Science Museum na London. Na 1991 e ji wuo ya Iche Engine na ndabere nke mbụ ya atụmatụ, na ọ arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ zuru okè.