Ònye mepụtakwara na atọm bọmbụ? The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke atọm bọmbụ

Onye mepụtakwara na atọm bọmbụ, ọbụna were oké ọdachi na pụrụ ịkpata bụ a magburu onwe mepụtara nke XX narị afọ. Tupu a superweapon nwetara site bi na nke Japanese obodo Hiroshima na Nagasaki, na e mere ihe a nnọọ ogologo ụzọ.

a mmalite

Na April 1903, na Paris ubi ma ama physics ndị enyi ya gbakọtara na France Paul Langevin. Ihe omume ahụ bụ agbachitere tesis nke a na-eto eto na nkà ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Marii Kyuri. Otu n'ime ihe ndị oké ozu na-ke ama British physics Sir Ernest Rutherford. Na n'etiti fun ọ anyụ ìhè. Mariya Kyuri mara ọkwa niile na ga-iju taa. Na ukwu Per Kyuri mere a obere tube na radium salts, nke ìhè nwuo na green, na-eme pụrụ iche ugbu ụtọ. Mgbe e mesịrị ọbịa na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekwu banyere ọdịnihu nke ihe a onu. All kwetara na echiche na n'ihi radium amaja nnukwu nsogbu nke ike ụkọ. Ọ niile na-akpali nnyocha ọhụrụ na n'ihu atụmanya. Ọ bụrụ na, mgbe ahụ, a gwara ha, na ime nnyocha na-arụ ọrụ na redioaktivu ọcha ga-abụ mmalite nke XX narị afọ a egwu ngwá agha, ọ bụ amaghị ihe ga-abụ mmeghachi omume ha. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ malitere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke atọm bọmbụ, nke gburu ọtụtụ narị puku ndị Japanese nkịtị.

Game n'ihu nke usoro

December 17, 1938, German ọkà mmụta sayensị Otto Gannom natara irrefutable àmà nke ire ere nke uranium n'ime nta elementrị ahụ. N'eziokwu, o jisiri kewaa atọm. Na nkà mmụta sayensị na ụwa, ọ e were dị ka a ịrịba ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ. Otto Hahn ekweghị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị echiche nke atọ Reich. Ya mere, na otu, n'afọ 1938, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a manyere ịkwaga Stockholm, ebe, ha na Fridrihom Shtrassmanom iso ya nnyocha sayensị. Na-atụ egwu na Nazi Germany mbụ nweta a egwu ngwá agha, o dere, a akwụkwọ ozi American President na a ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere ya. The ozi ọma banyere omume forestall ukwuu kwusiri na US ọchịchị. Americans malitere ime ihe ngwa ngwa na ozugbo.

Onye kere atọm bọmbụ? American oru ngo

Ọbụna tupu ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, a ìgwè nke American ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha gbara ọsọ ndụ si German-onye fasizim ọchịchị na Europe, e boro ya ebubo na-emepe emepe a ngwá agha nuklia. Mbụ ọmụmụ, ọ ga-kwuru, e rụrụ na Nazi Germany. Na 1940, ndị ọchịchị nke United States of America amalite ego ya omume ịzụlite atọm ngwá agha. Maka mmejuputa iwu oru ngo e ekenyela ihe ịrịba nchikota maka ndị ugboro abụọ na ọkara ijeri dollar. Mmejuputa ihe nzuzo a ngo pụtara ìhè physics nke XX narị afọ na a kpọrọ, n'etiti ha karịa iri Nobel Laureates. Na ngụkọta, ọ aka banyere 130 puku ọrụ, n'etiti ha abụghị naanị agha ma na-nkịtị. The mmepe otu gawa site Colonel Leslie Richard Groves, Idem ama Robert Oppenheimer. Ọ bụ ya na - onye mepụtakwara na atọm bombu. pụrụ iche nzuzo engineering ụlọ e wuru na Manhattan, nke anyị maara na n'okpuru koodu aha "Manhattan Project." N'elu ọzọ afọ ole na ole, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na a nzuzo oru ngo na nuclear fission nke uranium na plutonium.

Unpacific atọm Igor Kurchatova

Taa, ọ bụla na-amụrụ ga-enwe ike ịza ajụjụ nke onye mepụtakwara na atọm bọmbụ na Soviet Union. Ma mgbe ahụ, ná mmalite 30-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, ọ dịghị onye maara.

Na 1932, Academician Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov otu n'ime ndị mbụ ọmụmụ nke atọm ntọala amalite na ụwa. Site na-eweta dị ka kpọrọ ndị mmadụ, Kurchatov na 1937 emepụta mbụ cyclotron na Europe. N'otu afọ, ya na dị ka kpọrọ ndị mmadụ na ike nke mbụ wuru ntọala.

Na 1939 I. V. Kurchatov amalite ịmụ direction - nuclear physics. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe ịga nke ọma na laabu ọmụmụ nke a onu ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enweta na ya mkpofu a na nzuzo nnyocha center, nke aha ya bụ "Laboratory № 2". Taa nzuzo a owuwu akpọ "Arzamas-16."

The lekwasịrị ebe a center bụ oké nnyocha na mmepe nke ngwá agha nuklia. Ugbu a ọ na-aghọ doro anya onye kere atọm bọmbụ na Soviet Union. Otu ya bụ mgbe naanị mmadụ iri.

Atomic bọmbụ enwe

Site na njedebe nke 1945, Igoryu Vasilevichu Kurchatovu jikwaa ịgbakọta a oké njọ otu nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ihe karịrị otu narị mmadụ. The kacha mma uche nke dị iche iche na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị specializations abata lab si gafee mba na-ewu ngwá agha nuklia. Mgbe buru àmà nke atọm bọmbụ na Hiroshima site ndị America, Soviet ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na nke a nwere ike mere na Soviet Union. "Laboratory № 2" natara si management nke mba nkọ na-abawanye na ego na a nnukwu mwubata nke ọkà pesonel. Maka ndị dị otú ahụ ọrụ dị mkpa e kenyere Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beriya. Nnukwu ọrụ nke Soviet ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na amuworom mkpụrụ.

Semipalatinsk

The atọm bọmbụ na USSR mbụ nwalere na ule na saịtị na Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan). August 29, 1949 a nuclear ngwaọrụ ike nke 22 kilotons kwara na Kazakh ala. Nobel Nrite-emeri physics Otto Hants kwuru, sị: "Nke a bụ ozi ọma. Ọ bụrụ na Russia ga nwere ngwá agha nuklia na, mgbe ahụ, a ga-enwe agha. " Ọ bụ nke a atọm bọmbụ na USSR, dị ka ndị ezoro ezo ngwaahịa nọmba 501, ma ọ bụ ndị RDS-1, liquidated na US nanị ngwá agha nuklia.

The atọm bombu. 1945 nke

N'isi ụtụtụ nke July 16, "The Manhattan Project" nwere ya nke mbụ ya ịga nke ọma ule nke ihe atọm ngwaọrụ - a plutonium bọmbụ - na saịtị Alamogordo US steeti New Mexico.

Ego nyekwara ke oru ngo, na e mefuru. The mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ mmadụ na bọmbụ e mere 5 awa na minit 30 nke ụtụtụ.

"Anyị mere na-arụ ọrụ nke ekwensu," - kwuru mesịrị Robert Oppenheimer - onye mepụtakwara na atọm bọmbụ na United States, e mesịrị na-akpọ "nna nke atọm bombu."

Japan mere na-atọgbọ

Site na oge nke ikpeazụ a na-aga nke ọma ule nke atọm bọmbụ, Soviet agha na allies akpatre meriri Nazi Germany. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na otu, nke a ji gbaa ibé ọgụ ka dominance na Pacific. Si ufọt ufọt April ka ufọt ufọt July 1945, ndị agha Japan ugboro ugboro rụrụ ikuku etiwapụ site kemmekorita agha, si otú eme arọ weere nke US Army. Ná ngwụsị nke July 1945 ịlụ agha na Japanese ọchịchị jụrụ ina nke Allied kwenye na dị na Potsdam Declaration. Na ya, akpan akpan, ọ sịrị na ọ bụrụ na nnupụisi, ndị agha Japan na-echere a ngwa ngwa na mbibi zuru ezu.

president ekweta

The US ọchịchị nọ ya okwu na mmalite nke bombu ezubere iche ndị Japanese agha ọnọdụ. Air etiwapụ mîdaha chọrọ N'ihi ya, na US President Garri Trumen kpebie mbuso agha nke US agha ke Japan. Otú ọ dị, ndị agha iwu nwee nkụda mmụọ ya president si mkpebi dị otú ahụ, na-ehota eziokwu na ndị American mbuso agha ga-abuana a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị e mesoro.

Na aro nke Genri Lyuisa L. Stimson na Dwight David Eisenhower e kpebiri ịmụta a ọzọ irè ụzọ na-akwụsị ndị agha. A nnukwu supporter nke atọm bọmbụ, president nke United States Secretary Dzheyms Frensis Birns, kweere na bombu nke Japanese n'ókèala definitively akwụsị agha na-etinye United States na a kasị ọnọdụ, nke nwere nti mmetụta na n'ihu N'ezie nke agha ụwa ihe. N'ihi ya, US President Garri Trumena ike na nke a bụ nanị ezi nhọrọ.

The atọm bombu. Hiroshima

Dị ka ndị mbụ iche a họọrọ a obere Japanese obodo nke Hiroshima na a bi na nke nanị ihe karịrị 350 puku ndị mmadụ, dị n'ime na narị ise kilomita site isi obodo nke Japan Tokyo. Mgbe anyị rutere na US naval isi n'àgwàetiti Tinian gbanwetụrụ B-29 bombu "Enola Gay", ndị atọm bọmbụ arụnyere na osisi ugbo elu. Hiroshima nwere na-enweta ihe nke 9 puku pound nke uranium-235.

Nke a siburu amaghị na ngwá agha na-zubere maka nkịtị na obere Japanese obodo. Bombu ọchịagha bụ Colonel Pol Uorfild Tibbets Jr. US atọm bọmbụ bụ nke a anaghị atụkwasị ibe aha nke "The Kid". On n'ụtụtụ nke August 6, 1945, ihe 8 awa na minit 15, na American "Little Boy" e ama esịn ke Japanese Hiroshima. Banyere 15 puku tọn TNT bibie ihe niile ndụ n'ime a dịpụrụ adịpụ ruo nke ise square kilomita. Otu narị na iri anọ na puku bi na e gburu na a okwu nke sekọnd. Survivors nke Japanese nwụrụ anwụọkwa ọnwụ si radieshon ọrịa.

Ha we bibie American nuclear "The Kid." Otú ọ dị, mbibi nke Hiroshima emeghị ka ozugbo kwenye nke Japan, dị ka nke a, ihe niile na-atụ anya. Mgbe e kpebiri ọzọ bombardment nke Japanese ókèala.

Nagasaki. Sky na ọkụ

American atọm bọmbụ "Abụba Man" e arụnyere na osisi ụgbọelu B-29 9 August 1945 niile na otu ebe, na US naval isi na Tinian. N'oge a, ụgbọelu ọchịagha bụ Major Charlz Suini. Ná mmalite, nke usoro iche bụ obodo Kokura.

Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ ihu igwe ekweghị ka na-aghọta anyị atụmatụ, gbochiri nnukwu n'ígwé ojii. Charlz Suini gara abụọ gbaa gburugburu. Ke 11 elekere 02 nkeji American nuclear "Abụba Man" loro Nagasaki. Ọ bụ ihe dị ike na-ebibi ikuku agha, nke site na ya ike ọtụtụ ugboro elu karịa bọmbụ nke Hiroshima. Nagasaki nwetara atọm ngwá agha banyere 10 puku pound na 22 kilotons nke TNT.

The ala ọnọdụ nke Japanese obodo belata tụrụ anya na mmetụta. Ihe bụ na obodo na-emi odude ke a warara ndagwurugwu dị n'etiti ugwu. Ya mere, na mbibi nke 2.6 square kilomita emeghị igosipụta niile kwere omume nwere nke American ngwá agha. Ule nke atọm bọmbụ na Nagasaki a na-ewere na-emezughị "Manhattan Project."

Japan nyefere

Mgbe ehihie na August 15, 1945 Emperor Hirohito mara ọkwa ya mba kwenye na a radio adres ndị Japan. The ozi ọma ngwa ngwa site na ụwa. Na United States malitere ememe nke mmeri Japan. The ndị mmadụ ṅụrịrị ọṅụ.

September 2, 1945 n'ụgbọ ahụ US agha "Missouri", akwụsịtụ na Tokyo Bay, aka a nkwekọrịta na-akwụsị ndị agha. N'ihi ya biri kasị obi ọjọọ na kasị wụfuo ọbara agha na akụkọ ụmụ mmadụ.

mba obodo ogologo afọ isii gara a ịrịba ụbọchị - si 1 September 1939, mgbe ndị mbụ gbaa na-chụọ n'ọrụ site na Nazi Germany na Poland.

atọm for Peace

All na Soviet Union 124 nuclear ntiwapụ e rụrụ. The e ji mara bụ na ha na-rụrụ maka abamuru nke akụ na ụba mba. Naanị atọ n'ime ha bụ ndị ihe mberede na nke rụpụtara n'ime leakage nke redioaktivu ọcha. Mmemme maka ojiji nke udo nuclear ume emejuputa naanị na mba abụọ - na United States na Soviet Union. Nuclear ume udo maara na ihe atụ nke zuru ụwa ọnụ ọdachi, mgbe on April 26 1986 , na nke-anọ unit nke Chernobyl nuclear chernobyl gbawaranụ mere.