Crystal lattice na ya isi ụdị

Kpomkwem ọ bụla chemical umi nke dị na ọdịdị, na-kpụrụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke yiri ahụ nke na-jikọrọ ọnụ. All okwu dị atọ na-ekwu, nke aggregation: gaseous, mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike. Mgbe mgbagwoju anya thermal ngagharị (na ala okpomọkụ) nakwa dị ka nke solids ahụ na-nditịm dabeere na ohere, nke na-egosipụta na ha kpọmkwem bughi nzukọ.

The crystal lattice nke umi - bụ a Ọdịdị na a geometrically nyere iwu ndokwa nke ahụ (atọm, na ụmụ irighiri ihe ma ọ bụ ion) ụfọdụ ihe nke ohere. The dị iche iche gratings bụ na-akwanyere ùgwù inter-ọnụ ohere na ozugbo ọnụ - na mgbe na nke ahụ onwe ha na-emi odude.

The crystal lattice bụ nke anọ na ụdị: dara, molekụla, atọm, ionic. Ụdị arrays kpebisiri ike dị ka ụdị nke ahụ, na-ewekarị ha ọnụ nakwa dị ka ọdịdị nke njikọ dị n'etiti ha.

The crystal lattice na-akpọ molekụla na ikpe, ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ irighiri mere ndokwa na ya ọnụ. Ha na-jikọrọ site intermolecular agha na-dịtụ na-adịghị ike, na-akpọ van der Waals, ma onwe ha atọm n'ime molekul na-sonyeere n'ụzọ siri ike covalent nkekọ (pola ma ọ bụ nonpolar). Molekụla crystal lattice e ji mara nke chlorine, siri ike hydrogen, carbon dioxide na ndị ọzọ na bekee nke bụ gaseous na nkịtị okpomọkụ.

The kristal nke na-etolite n'ezinụlọ eze, haruru, nwekwara molekụla lattice esịnede monohydric ụmụ irighiri. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị siri ike organic bekee nwere kpọmkwem dị otú ahụ a Ọdịdị. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke inorganic bekee, nke a na-peculiar molekụla Ọdịdị, dị nnọọ obere. Nke a, ka ihe atụ, hydrogen halides siri ike, eke sọlfọ, ice, siri ike dị mfe bekee na ndị ọzọ.

Mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, dịtụ na-adịghị ike intermolecular nkekọ na-agbajikwa pụtara mfe, otú a umi dị otú ahụ na gratings nwere nnọọ ala agbaze ebe na ala ekweghị ekwe, ha unyi anaghị agbasa ma ọ bụ ufat soluble na mmiri, ngwọta nke n'ụzọ na-abụghị conductive, ji bukwanu volatility. Kacha nta esi na agbaze okpomọkụ - na bekee nke nonpolar ụmụ irighiri.

A na-akpọ metal dị crystal lattice na-guzobere nke ọnụ-edebe mma ion (cations) nke metal na free valence electrons (unhooked si atọm n'oge e guzobere ion) enweghị usoro-akpụ akpụ na crystal nnukwu. Otú ọ dị, ndị a electrons bụ n'ụzọ ọkara free, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịga njem unu kpamkpam naanị site na ekwe a crystal lattice.

Electrostatic electrons ma na-enwe ion nke ọla na-kiet eken, nke na-akọwa na nkwụsi ike nke metal lattice. The collection of free-akpụ akpụ electrons akpọ elektrọn gas - ọ na-enye ezi eletriki na thermal conductivity nke ọla. Mgbe electric voltaji electrons ọsọ mma ahụ, na-ekere òkè ihe e kere eke nke eletrik na inwe mmekọrịta na ion.

Metal crystal lattice e ji mara tumadi maka elemental ọla na ogige nke dị iche iche ọla ọ bụla ọzọ. Ihe bụ isi Njirimara na ndị pụta ụwa dara kristal (n'ibu ike, volatility, -agbaze okpomọkụ), kama ike ịdị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, anụ ahụ Njirimara dị ka ductility, malleability, elu eletriki na thermal conductivity, a ji mara dara luster peculiar naanị nanị kristal nke a metal lattice.