Dzhozef Pristli - n'okike, ọkà ihe ọmụma, mmiri ọgwụ. biography oghere

Ọ na-akpọ Eze nsinammuo. Dzhozef Pristli fọdụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-ede akwụkwọ nke isi nchoputa ke onwu nke gas na ozizi ọkụ eletrik. Ọ bụ a theosophist na a nchụàjà, bụ onye a na-akpọ "n'eziokwu jụrụ okwukwe."

Priestley - kasị ukwuu ọgụgụ isi nke abụọ n'etiti XVIII narị afọ, hapụrụ akara ya na nkà ihe ọmụma na philology, na ndị ọzọ - ọ bụ nchepụta nke soda mmiri na nchicha ihichapu pensụl e si akwụkwọ.

mmalite afọ

Ada ụmụ isii nke mgbanwe ezinụlọ draper, Dzhozef Pristli mụrụ ke ini utọ 1733 na a obere obodo dị nso Leeds Filskhed. Ọnọdụ ndị siri ike nke na nwata, na-amanye ndị nne na nna ka izipu Joseph na ezinụlọ nke nwanne mama ya, bụ ndị kpebiri iji kwadebe maka ọrụ nwa nwanne Anglican nchụàjà. Na-echere ya a siri ike na-ekpe na a ezi muta na Humanities na nkà mmụta okpukpe.

Early na ngosipụta nke ike na ịdị uchu kwere Priestley ọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Batley, ebe ugbu a a ngalaba na aha ya, na Theological Academy na Daventry. Ọ na-aga a N'ezie nke eke sayensị na onwu na Mahadum nke Warrington, nke kpaliri ya iji hazie a home laabu na-amalite otu nọọrọ onwe ha na nkà mmụta sayensị nwere.

Scientist-nchu-àjà

Na 1755, Dzhozef Pristli ghọrọ osote pastọ, ma e eze nsọ na 1762. Ọ bụ ihe ọhụrụ orù nke chọọchị. Ọfọn gụrụ akwụkwọ, ebe ọ maara 9 ndụ na nwụrụ anwụ asụsụ, ọ na 1761 dere akwụkwọ "Fundamentals nke English Grammar." Nke a nkuzi bụ mkpa n'oge ọzọ ọkara narị afọ.

Inwe a na; gbasara nyocha n'uche, Dzhozef Pristli kpụrụ nkwenkwe okpukpe ha, imete ndị ọrụ nke na-eduga ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma na ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe. N'ihi ya, ọ na-aga n'ebe kweere na mmụọ nsọ ya na ndị ezinụlọ na ọmụmụ. Ọ na-arahụ site na Calvin ka Arianism, na mgbe ahụ ka ọbụna ihe rationalistic stream - Unitarianism.

N'agbanyeghị stuttering, nke bịakwutere ya mgbe a na nwata ọrịa, Priestley nọ ozi ọma ma na-ezi ihe, Okwu Mmalite ka Benjamin Franklin - pụtara ìhè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke oge - ka steepụ omume Dzhozefa Pristli sayensị.

Nlele na ubi nke ọkụ eletrik

Home Research maka Franklin bụ physics. Eletrik bụ nke dị oké mmasị m U Pristli, na na ndụmọdụ nke otu n'ime n'ọdịnihu US okobot nna na 1767, o bipụtara ọrụ "History na ugbu ala nke na ọkụ eletrik." Na ya nwere ọtụtụ isi nchoputa, nke mere na-ede akwụkwọ a nke ọma kwesịrị aha na okirikiri nke British na European ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-kpughere.

Ọdụdọ conductivity nke graphite, Priestley chọpụtara ekemende enwetara oké bara uru. Pure carbon aghọwo a akụrụngwa nke ọtụtụ eletriki na ngwaọrụ. Priestley kọwara ahụmahụ nke electrostatics, nke o kwubiri na myirịta ụkpụrụ nke eletriki mmetụta na Newtonian ndọda agha. Kwuru na ha na ọtụtụ ndị chere nke iwu "inverse square" na mgbe ekere ke isi n'iwu nke ozizi ọkụ eletrik - Coulomb iwu.

carbon dioxide

Physics, ọkụ eletrik, conductance, ana mmekọrịta - bụghị naanị na nkà mmụta sayensị ọdịmma Priestley. Ọ hụrụ na-amụ banyere ihe ndị kasị na-atụghị anya ebe. The ọrụ na ada na nchọpụta nke carbon dioxide, na oru n'oge ya chọpụtara nke brewing ụlọ ọrụ.

Na 1772, Priestley dọọrọ uche gaa Njirimara nke gas nke a kpụrụ n'oge gbaa ụka nke wort. Ọ bụ carbon dioxide. Priestley azụlitewo a usoro nke na-amị gas na laabu, m chọpụtara na ọ dị arọ karịa ikuku, siri ike ọkụ na bụ ukwuu soluble na mmiri, na-enye ya pụrụ iche, enye ume ọhụrụ uto.

photosynthesis

Akade nwere na carbon dioxide, Priestley etinye ahụmahụ, bụ nke malitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke chọpụtara bụ isi banyere ịdị adị nke ndụ na mbara ala a phenomena - photosynthesis. Ịtụkwasị a iko akpa nke a akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na osisi puo, ọ udo a kandụl ma jupụta na akpa na carbon dioxide. Mgbe mgbe, ọ na-etinye ahụ dị ndụ ụmụ oke na gbalịrị iji na-amụnye ọkụ. Animals nọgidere na-adị, na-ere ọkụ gara n'ihu.

Priestley ghọrọ onye mbụ na-edebe photosynthesis. Kọwaa ọdịdị a mechiri emechi gas akpa ike ịnọgide na-enwe ume na combustion nwere ike na osisi ike banye carbon dioxide ma hapụ ihe, na-enye ndụ umi. The ibuo pụta ihe ndabere maka ọmụmụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu zuru ụwa ọnụ ahụ chepụtara, gụnyere iwu nke umu ihe nche nke ike. Ma akpa Nchoputa nke ọkà mmụta sayensị nọ na akara na mgbe sayensị.

Dzhozef Pristli kọwara photosynthesis na okwu nke phlogiston Ozizi. Ya na-ede akwụkwọ - Georg Ernst Stahl - chere ọnụnọ nke flammable bekee kpọmkwem umi - ịbụ oke mmiri - phlogistic, na combustion usoro bụ disintegration gị n'ụlọnga n'ime ya constituent mmiri na absorption nke phlogistic ikuku. Priestley bụ a supporter nke a Ozizi ọbụna mgbe mere ya kasị mkpa chọpụtara - ekenyela oxygen.

A isi chọpụtara

Ọtụtụ nwere Dzhozefa Pristli dugara pụta na e kọwara ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ọ haziri a ngwaọrụ ebe ikuku ndi-emepụta na-iche site na ikuku ọ bụghị site na mmiri na ndị ọzọ na denser ọmụmụ - mercury. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ike na-anọrọ volatiles, nke na mbụ etisasịwo na mmiri.

The mbụ ọhụrụ gas nwetara Priestley bụ nitrous oxide. Ọ hụrụ ihe ọhụrụ mmetụta na ndị mmadụ ya, ihe mere e nwere otu ihe pụrụ iche aha - achị ọchị gas. E mesịa, a na-eji dị ka a waa anestetiiki.

Na 1774, nke a umi e mesịrị mara dị ka mercury oxide, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ihe ịga nke ọma na-akpa iche a gas nke kandụl malitere ire ijuanya na-egbuke egbuke. Ọ kpọrọ ya dephlogisticated ikuku. Priestley nọgidere na-enwe okwukwe na ọdịdị nke combustion, ọbụna mgbe Antuan Lavuaze gosipụtara na mmalite Dzhozefa Pristli - a umi na-enwe ihe ndị kasị mkpa maka n'ozuzu usoro ndụ Njirimara. New gas na aha ya bụ oxygen.

Chemistry na Life

Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen - nchoputa nke a, haruru nyere Priestley na akụkọ onwu. Ekpebi ihe ndị mejupụtara nke gas aka na usoro nke na photosynthesis - onyinye ọkà mmụta sayensị na usoro ndu. Nlele na electric ebubo, na amonia decomposition ụzọ iji ọkụ eletrik, Gbasara Anya ọrụ ọkà mmụta sayensị nweela ịtụkwasị obi n'etiti ọmụmụ physics.

The chọpụtara, mere Priestley April 15, 1770, anaghị nwere ndị dị otú ahụ a isi uru. Ọ facilitated ndụ nke ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ. oghere akụkọ malitere na eziokwu ahụ na Priestley chọpụtara otú a mpempe roba si India si ọma erases akwụkwọ pensụl e. Ya mere, e a roba - na ihe anyị na-akpọ onye nchicha.

Nkà ihe ọmụma na nkwenkwe okpukpe dị iche Priestley onwe na emeela ya aha nke a na-enupụ isi thinker. Priestley akwụkwọ "History of Christianity ure" (1782), ma gosi na ha na-akwado maka mgbanwe ọchịchị na France na America mere ka iwe n'etiti ndị kasị agụsi nke British Conservatives.

Mgbe ọ na-eme ememe na 1791 na dị ka kpọrọ ncheta nke batara nke Bastille, akpata nkwusa ìgwè ebibi Priestley ulo na laabu na Birmingham. Mgbe afọ atọ gasịrị ọ na-amanye ka iga njem na US, ebe ke 1804 na biri n'ụbọchị ya.

oké na-amu amu

Okpukpe, na-elekọta mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọrụ Priestley - a nnukwu onyinye ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi mmepe nke Europe, America na ụwa. Anaah¹anya na ezigbo onye iro nke ọchịchị aka ike, ọ na-na-ekwurịta okwu na kasị onwe ha uche ndị na-oge.

Nwoke a ọtụtụ ndị lere a dilettante, ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ ya, adịghị eme mgbe nile na-ezu sayensị agụmakwụkwọ, Priestley e ata ụta maka na o nwere ike n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-aghọta mkpa nke chọpụtara ya.

Ma na ndị ọzọ afọ bụ Dzhozef Pristli. Ya biography - a na-egbuke egbuke page ihe mere eme nke ụwa. Nke a bụ ndụ nke pụtara ìhè ọkà mmụta, na-ekwusa mere ka o doo kasị nwayọọ nwayọọ na-echiche, asọpụrụ so niile na-eduga ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị academies nke Europe na ụwa - ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị mere a ịrịba onyinye mmepe nke isi eke sayensị chepụtara.