Eze mbụ na Russia - Ivan IV, utu aha "tara"

Eze mbụ na Russia ikamanake ke Moscow, na Kolomna. N'oge ahụ, Moscow bụ obere, na Russia kwa obere. Otú ọ dị, eze na nwa ọhụrụ e doro anya na akara na na-na na Chineke. Ya bụ ụmụaka bụ udo emeghị. Ẹkekpemede afọ atọ nke eze - isi ụmụnna Shuiskys - kere n'obí a ọbubu-eze nke ụjọ na bụla abalị m na-ekele Chineke na ọ dị ndụ: bụghị ọjọọ, dị ka a na nne, ọ bụghị gburu ka nwanne nwa mmefu ahụ, adịghị adiahade nga, ka nwanne papa m, ọ bụghị ahụhụ ịta otú ọtụtụ ndika nna - Prince Vasily III.

Against niile emegide mbụ Tsar na Russia ama ọbọhọ! Na mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, na-atụghị anya igbu ka ọchịchọ nke knight lụrụ alaeze! N'ezie, na-ekwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-atụ aro nkọ Metropolitan Macarius. Ma o nwere ike ịbụ na ọ ghọtara na mba chọrọ a aka dị ike iji kwụsị infighting na increment ókèala. The mmeri nke autocracy - a ememe nke Orthodox okwukwe, Moscow - nke nọchiri Constantinople. N'ezie, echiche nke a mepere agbamakwụkwọ bụ nso ma doo anya. Eze mbụ na Russia tụgharịa si ezi: na boyars rein, na ụba ya n'ókèala maka afọ 50 nke ọbubu-eze-- otu narị percent nke n'ókèala nke Russian obodo amụbawo, na Russia na-karịa dum Europe.

eze aha

Royal aha Ivan (egwu) eji brilliantly guzo nnọọ ọnọdụ dị iche iche na European ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Grand aha na-sụgharịrị dị ka "isi" ma ọ bụ "Onyeisi obodo", ọbụna eze - bụ Emperor!

Mgbe echichi nke eze ikwu si nne-enweta ọtụtụ uru, na-akpata ọgba aghara nke gosiri na-eto eto na John, ndị ezigbo ọnọdụ banyere ọchịchị ya. Autocracy - bụ ọhụrụ, agwụ ike, na onye Ivan jisiri karịa ihe ịga nke ọma.

mgbanwe

M na-eche ihe mere eze mbụ na Russia - John The anọ? Olee ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ? Ma ọ bụ na-ama ihe e mesịrị Karamzin dere ya "History nke Russian State" ma malite ngụda na Ivan Kalita. Na mgbe ndụ na eze mbu na Russia na-akpọ - John m, ubre akwado ocheeze e wee na-a pụrụ iche gold igbe ozu-ụgbọ ahụ, ma nọdụ eze mbụ na Russia ebe a na a ocheeze.

The eze tụgharịrị uche na centralization nke ala, rụrụ n'ime ime obodo na labial mgbanwe gbanwee ndị agha, were a ọhụrụ Usoro nke Iwu na Usoro nke Service, kpọkọrọ mbụ Assembly nke Land ma guzosie ike a iwu machibido ntinye nke ndị Juu ahịa. E nwere a ọhụrụ uwe nke ogwe aka ya na ugo, dị ka Ivan Grozny - a kpọmkwem na nkpuru nke Rurik. Ma ọ bụghị naanị ha: na nne nwa n'akụkụ ya warara kpọrọ nna nna - nne m, nne nne m na ọbụna m - nnọọ Sofya Paleolog, na onye nnochianya nke Byzantine eze ukwu. E nwere otu na-smart, mpako, na-arụsi ọrụ. Na-eme ihe ike, kwa, nwere otu onye. Ma, n'ezie, n'oge ahụ, na ọbụna na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obi ọjọọ gaara-agaghị ekwe omume na mgbanwe na n'ụzọ doro anya mere ka ya na eze mbu na Russia. The mgbanwe nke agha - a okwu ole na ole, na otú ihe bụ n'ihi na ha! Pụtara 25000th agha strelets, nke nwere nanị iji kwadebe ha na musket, hama na mma-agha, na dọkatụrụ adọka si ugbo! Otú ọ dị, adọwa si aku na uba nke nta nke nta-uta. E ogbunigwe nọmba na-erughị 2 puku egbe. Ivan egwu ọbụna anwa anwa ịgbanwe ụtụ isi nke oké nātamu ntamu nke Boyar Duma. N'ezie, ọ bụghị nanị ma ama grumbled banyere ịda iwu nke ha ùgwù. Ha kwara onyeeze na ruo n'ókè nke na-amanye ọdịdị nke oprichnina. The Guardsmen kpụrụ agha na ndị aka 6 puku ndị ikom, bụghị na-agụta ihe fọrọ nke nta a na puku tụkwasịrị obi pụrụ iche ọrụ.

Na veins ọbara-agba ọsọ, mgbe ị na-agụ banyere osisi ịta na igbu na-elekọta na a-efegharị efegharị nke n'aka Ọkaakaa. Ma, ọ bụghị naanị na Ivan egwu, ọbụna taa, akụkọ ihe mere eme kweere na oprichnina bụghị mberede na bụghị site ọkọ. Boyars nwere rein! Ke adianade do, na-akpụ akpụ site na West nke heresy otú kwara ntọala Orthodox okwukwe, na oche-eze-tottered tinyere nọ n'elu ya, na eze nile nke Russian ala. Baịbụl doro nnọọ anya mmekọrịta ghọrọ usoro si autocracy na ndị ụkọchukwu. Tupu mysticism kwere ekwe eze apụnara mọnk ala na doro ada ụkọchukwu. Metropolitan A machibidoro aga n'ime azụmahịa na zemshchina oprichnina. N'otu oge ahụ na eze oprichnina Ivan bụ abbot, na-arụ ọtụtụ mọnk ọrụ, ọbụna ukwe bụrụ abụ.

Novgorod na Kazan

Tupu afọ ọhụrụ 1570 oprichnina agha kwagara n'ime nkuzi megide Novgorod na enyo nke nzube wetara Russia na Polish eze. Oh, na ebube nke Guardsmen ka ito ochi. Haziri looting mgbuchapụ na Tver, Klin, Torzhok na ndị fọdụrụ free obodo, mgbe e mesịrị bibie Pskov na Novgorod. Na na Tver Malyuta Skuratov nyagburu Metropolitan Philip nke ngọzi nke jụrụ a ọbara mkpọsa. N'oge eze na mgbọrọgwụ bibie obodo ama na clerks, anyị nwere ike na-ekwu ezubere iche, tinyere ndị nwunye ha, ụmụ na ezinụlọ ya. Nke a ohi were afọ ruo mgbe ọ dara Russia Crimea Khan Giray Divlet. Nke ahụ bụ ebe show wepụ eto eto oprichnina agha! Ma ndị agha nke agha bụ nanị bụghị. Guardsmen Mkpughe, umengwụ. Na Tartars - nke a abụghị boyars na ha ụmụaka na-alụ ọgụ. The agha furu efu.

Ma mgbe ahụ iwe Ivan! Ntigbaa kwagara Kazan si Novgorod. Mgbe ahụ, e buru eze a usoro ndị eze Giray. Kagburu Ọkaakaa Oprichnina ọbụna machibidoro ya aha, gburu ọtụtụ ndị sabo na villains, atọ gara Kazan. The atọ Kazan nyefere na uche, na mgbe a mgbe ghọrọ nnọọ a Russian obodo. Ọzọkwa si Moscow na Kazan n'ụwa niile agbakọta ebe e wusiri ike Russian. Ọ e meriri na Astrakhan Khanate, n'isonyere Russian ala. Crimea Khan, kwa, na ọgwụgwụ perepalo: otú i nwere ike na n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ-ebukọrọ Russia ọkụ ya mara mma obodo? Na 1572, ndị 120,000th Crimea agha-e tiwara 20000th Russian agha.

The abawanye na ebe nke agha na diplomacy

E wee budata n'ịkwụsị Swedes agha Novgorod agha, na kwubiri ihe bara uru udo dị ukwuu dị ka afọ 40. Eager mbụ eze rus Baltic buso Livonians, osisi, Lithuanian, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna ikpọ Novgorod nile, na mere nnọọ (elu ọzọ dị ukwuu mbụ eze - Peter) kụrụ afọ n'ala ndị a mgbalị. Ma ná mba ndị ọzọ ụjọ bụghị a egwuregwu. Ọbụna ike diplomacy na ahia na England. Na eze malitere iche na Siberia Land, unexplored. Ma kpachara anya. Ọfọn, na Ermak Timofeevich na ya Cossacks jisiri merie ndị agha Khan Kuchum ruo mgbe eze iji laghachi n'ala nchedo Perm, Russia otú gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ Siberia. Na mgbe ọkara narị afọ nke Russian bịara Pacific Ocean.

ụdị onye

Eze mbụ na Russia bụghị naanị eze mbụ ma onye mbụ ọgụgụ isi, erudition na mfọn.

About ọbá akwụkwọ Ivana Groznogo ka na-adịghị ahụ talatara akụkọ. Theology na ọ maara na pundits. Ọ tọrọ ntọala maka jurisprudence. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ nke ọtụtụ ndị ezi stichera na akwụkwọ ozi (a na-ede uri!). M nyere iwu ndị ụkọchukwu na-emeghe ofụri ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akụziri ụmụaka na-agụ, na-ede. Ọ mma polyphonic na-abụ abụ ma na-amụ a ụdị egwú ahụ na ndị Alexander mmezi. Ọ bụ ihe magburu onwe orator. A ígwè obibi akwụkwọ? Na St. Vasiliya Blazhennogo na Red Square? A jụrụ ajụjụ banyere ihe canonization nke Ivan. Ma echefu looting, ịta ahụhụ, igbu, ihere na igbu ọchụ bụ nanị oprichnina na-eso ụzọ nke ndị ụkọchukwu nke Ọtọdọks? Mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke oprichnina, dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ bụghị n'elu, dị nnọọ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ bịara mara. King chegharịrị, yi ígwè, piasiri onwe ya. Nnukwu ichekwa ego nyere na-echeta nke chọọchị na mkpụrụ obi nke ndị gburu maka ahụ ike nke ihere. Ọ nwụrụ Schemamonk.