Fusion ngwa agha na ụwa. The mbụ anọ na chernobyl

Taa, ọtụtụ mba na-ewere akụkụ dị na anọ na nnyocha. The ndú nke European Union, United States, Russia na Japan, mgbe China usoro ihe omume, Brazil, Canada na Korea na-amụba n'ike n'ike. Ná mmalite, anọ na ngwa agha na United States na Soviet Union na e jikọrọ mmepe nke ngwá agha nuklia na nọgidere na nzuzo ruo mgbe ogbako "atọm Udo", nke e nwere na Geneva na 1958. Mgbe e kere eke nke Soviet tokamak research nke nuclear anọ na na 1970 ọ na-"nnukwu sayensị". Ma ndị na-eri na mgbagwoju anya nke na ngwaọrụ amụbawo ruo n'ókè na ọnụ nke mba bụ nanị ohere ịga n'ihu.

Fusion ngwa agha na ụwa

Ebe ọ bụ na afọ ndị 1970, na mmalite nke azụmahịa were nke anọ na ume mgbe niile yigharịrị ruo afọ 40. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ihe mere na-adịbeghị anya, na-eme nke a mgbe e nwere ike shortened.

Wuru ọtụtụ tokamaks, gụnyere ugboelu European, British na poolu ite Na chernobyl TFTR na Princeton, USA. The mba ITER ngo bụ ugbu a na-ewu ewu na Cadarache, France. Ọ ga-aghọ ndị kasị ibu tokamak ga-arụ ọrụ na afọ 2020. Na 2030, China ga-wuru CFETR, nke ga-akarị ihe ITER. Ka ọ dịgodị, China enịmde nnyocha na ihe ibuo superconducting tokamak East.

Fusion ngwa agha ndị ọzọ ụdị - stellarators --ewu ewu n'etiti ndị na-eme nnyocha. Otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu, LHD, sonyeere Japanese National Institute maka Fusion na 1998. Ọ na-eji ịchọ mma nhazi nke magnetik plasma mgbochi. German Max Planck Institute n'oge si 1988 na 2002, na-eduzi nnyocha na Wendelstein 7-AS chernobyl na Garching, na ugbu a - na Wendelstein 7-X, na-ewu nke dịgidere ruo ihe karịrị 19 afọ. Ọzọ stellarator TJII ejikwara na Madrid, Spain. Na United States Princeton laabu plasma physics (PPPL), ebe o wuru mbụ nuclear anọ na chernobyl nke ụdị na 1951, na 2008 ọ kwụsịrị ndị na-ewu NCSX ruru na-eri overruns na enweghị nkwado ego.

Ke adianade do, ịrịba rụzuru na nnyocha nke inertial anọ na. Building National mgbanye Facility (NIF) uru $ 7 ijeri na Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), bukwa ndi National Nuclear Security Administration, e dechara na March 2009, ndị French Laser Mégajoule (LMJ) malitere ọrụ na October 2014. Fusion ngwa agha iji lasers nye ole na ole billionths nke a abụọ dị 2 nde joules nke ìhè ike na a lekwasịrị size of ọtụtụ millimeters amalite nuclear anọ na. Ebumnobi bụ isi nke NIF na LMJ bụ nnyocha na-akwado mba ngwá agha nuklia mmemme.

ITER

Na 1985, ndị Soviet Union chọrọ iwu a ọzọ ọgbọ tokamak ọnụ na Europe, Japan na United States. The ọrụ ekenịmde n'okpuru nkwado nke IAEA. Na oge site na 1988 ruo 1990, ọ e kere mbụ drafts nke International ite Na chernobyl na ITER, nke pụtakwara "ụzọ" ma ọ bụ "njem" na Latin, iji gosi na anọ na ike na-emepụta ike karịrị ike ya na-amịkọrọ. Canada na Kazakhstan weere akụkụ onye ogbugbo ya Euratom na Russia, karị.

Mgbe 6 afọ nke ITER Council mma mbụ mgbagwoju chernobyl imewe dabeere na ike physics na technology uru $ 6 ijeri. Mgbe ahụ US hapụ Constrium, nke amanye ike abuo na-akwụ ụgwọ na-agbanwe ọrụ ahụ. The pụta bụ na ITER-na na uru $ 3 ijeri., Ma, ị nwere ike nweta ihe a na-akwagide mmeghachi omume, na mma na itule ike.

Na 2003, United States ọzọ sonyeere Constrium, na China mara ọkwa na ha chọrọ ka isonye na ya. N'ihi ya, ke ufọt ufọt 2005, mmekọ kwetara na ndị na-ewu ITER na Cadarache n'ebe ndịda France. EU na France mere ọkara nke EUR 12.8 ijeri, mgbe Japan, China, South Korea, na United States na Russia - 10% onye ọ bụla. Japan enye elu mmiri dị echichi na-eri IFMIF 1 ijeri zubere maka ule ihe na nwere ikike kwem esote ule chernobyl. Mkpokọta na-eri nke ITER agụnye ọkara na-eri nke a 10-afọ ewu na ọkara - na afọ 20 nke ime ihe. India ghọrọ nke asaa so ITER ke mbubreyo 2005

The nwere ndị na-amalite na 2018 na ojiji nke hydrogen iji zere ebighị nke nju. Iji Dt plasma na-adịghị anya tupu 2026

Nzube ITER - ịzụlite a 500 megawatt (dịkarịa ala maka 400 sekọnd) iji na-erughị 50 mW input ike enweghị amụba ọkụ eletrik.

Dvuhgigavattnaya ngosi ngosipụta osisi ga-emepụta nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta nke ọkụ eletrik na a na-adịgide adịgide ndabere. Ngosi Ntụpụta elo imewe ga-agwụ agwụ site 2017, na ya na-ewu ga-amalite na 2024. Malite ga-ebe 2033.

Jet

Na 1978, ndị EU (Euratom, Sweden na Switzerland) malitere a na nkwonkwo European ugboelu oru ngo na UK. Ugboelu bụ ugbu a ndị kasị ibu ọrụ tokamak na ụwa. Ndị dị otú ahụ a na chernobyl JT-60 na-arụ ọrụ na Japanese National Institute of Fusion, ma naanị ugboelu nwere ike iji deuterium-tritium mmanụ ụgbọala.

Chernobyl na oru na 1983 na mbụ bụ nnwale nke na-achịkwa ite anọ na na 16 MW ẹkenịmde ke November 1991 nke a nke abụọ 5 MW na ike ike ka deuterium-tritium plasma. Ọtụtụ nwere e duziri na-amụ dị iche iche kpo oku na sekit na sekit na ndị ọzọ na usoro.

Ọzọkwa ndozi metụtara ndị ugboelu ntọt ya ikike. Poolu kọmpat chernobyl na-mepụtara na ugboelu na ITER bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ ahụ.

K-Star

K-Star - Korean superconducting tokamak National Institute maka Fusion Studies (NFRI) na Daejeon, nke na-emepụta ya mbụ plasma ke ufọt ufọt 2008. Nke a bụ a pilot ngo ITER, nke bụ n'ihi ọnụ nke mba. Tokamak okirikiri nke 1.8 m - mbụ chernobyl ọrụ superconducting nju Nb3Sn, otu a ga-eji na ITER. N'oge mbụ na-adọ, nke biri na 2012, K-Star nwere iji gosi na ọganihu nke isi teknụzụ na iji nweta plasma usu oge na 20 sekọnd. Na nke abụọ na-adọ (2013-2017) a rụrụ na-amụ ya modernization ogologo pulses nke ruo 300 s na H mode, na ntughari ka ukwuu AT-mode. Nzube nke atọ na-adọ (2018-2023) bụ iji nweta elu arụmọrụ na arụmọrụ ke ogologo usu mode. Na nzọụkwụ 4 (2023-2025) ga-anwale ngosi technology. The ngwaọrụ ike nke na-arụ ọrụ na tritium Dt na mmanụ ụgbọala ojiji.

K-ngosi

E na mmekota na Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) US Department of Energy na South Korean Institute NFRI, K-ngosi kwesịrị ịbụ nzọụkwụ ọzọ kwupụta ihe e kere eke nke azụmahịa ngwa agha mgbe ITER, na ga na-akpa ike osisi ike nke na-amụba ike ka electric okporo, ya bụ, 1 nde kilowatts ka a izu ole na ole. Ya dayameta ga-6,65 m, ọ ga-a blanket modul N'ịbụ ngo ngosi. The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology nke Korea ezube itinye ego na ya banyere a puku ijeri Korean MERIRI ($ 941 nde).

East

Chinese pilot mma superconducting tokamak (East) na Institute of Physics na China Hefee kere hydrogen plasma okpomọkụ 50 nde ° C wee na ya maka 102 sekọnd.

TFTR

The American laabu PPPL ibuo ite chernobyl TFTR arụ ọrụ site 1982 ruo 1997. Na December 1993, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ TFTR magnetik tokamak, nke mere ọtụtụ nwere na a plasma nke deuterium-tritium. Na-esonụ, chernobyl emepụta ihe ndekọ mgbe achịkwa ike 10.7 MW, na 1995, ihe ndekọ nke okpomọkụ rụzuru ionized gas na 510 nde Celsius C. Otú ọ dị, na nwụnye emeghị breakeven anọ na ike, ma na-ọma-emezu ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke na-emebe ngwaike, na-eme a ịrịba onyinye ITER.

LHD

LHD na Japanese National Institute maka nuclear anọ na na Toki, Gifu Prefecture, bụ ndị kasị ibu stellarator na ụwa. Malite na anọ na chernobyl ada itie ke 1998, ọ gosiri àgwà nke plasma mgbochi, nke yiri ndị ọzọ na isi nrụnye. Ọ e ruru 13.5 keV ion okpomọkụ (banyere 160 nde ° C) na ike nke 1,44 MJ.

Wendelstein 7-X

Mgbe a afọ nke ule, na-amalite ke mbubreyo 2015, ndị helium okpomọkụ na a obere oge ruru 1 nde Celsius C. Na 2016 The ite chernobyl na a hydrogen plasma eji a 2 MW, okpomọkụ ruru 80 nde ° C maka a nkeji iri na ise nke a abụọ. W7-X stellarator bụ kasị ibu n'ụwa na-zubere na-na-aga n'ihu ime 30 nkeji. chernobyl eri bụ € 1 ijeri.

NIF

National mgbanye Facility (NIF) na e dechara na March 2009, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) afọ. Iji ya 192 laser ibé, na NIF bụ ike nke na-etinye uche 60 ugboro ọzọ ume karịa ihe ọ bụla gara aga laser usoro.

Nzuzo Fusion

Na March 1989, ndị nnyocha abụọ, American Stenli Pons na Martin Fleischmann Briton, ha kwuru na ha na ulo oru a mfe desktọọpụ oyi anọ na chernobyl, na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ. The usoro gụnyere electrolysis oké mmiri eji a palladium electrode nke deuterium nuclei na-lekwasị na a elu njupụta. The na-eme nnyocha na-ekwu na-arụpụta okpomọkụ, nke nwere ike kọwara naanị na okwu nke nuclear Filiks, nakwa dị ka e nwere n'akụkụ ngwaahịa nke njikọ, gụnyere helium, tritium na neutrons. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ experimenters okpu emepụtaghachi a ahụmahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ekweghị na oyi na-atụ anọ na ngwa agha dị adị n'ezie.

Low-ume nuclear Jeremaya mere

Malite site na-ekwu nke "oyi anọ na" nnyocha wee na-ubi nke ala ume nuclear Jeremaya mere, na ụfọdụ ahụrụ anya aka, ma na-adịghị anabata ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nkọwa. O doro anya na, na-adịghị ike nuclear interactions (bụghị a siri ike ike, dị ka ọ na nuclear fission ma ọ bụ njikọ) na-eji ike na kpọọ nke neutrons. Nlele na-agụnye penetration nke hydrogen ma ọ bụ deuterium site mkpali bed na mmeghachi omume na metal. The na-eme nnyocha na-akọ na-hụrụ ume tọhapụ. The isi bara uru ihe atụ bụ mmeghachi omume nke hydrogen na a nickel powder na okpomọkụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nke ukwuu nwere ike inye ọ bụla chemical mmeghachi omume.