Gịnị bụ gzhel? Gzhel - ụdị ndiife art

Gịnị bụ "Gzhel"? Nka ma ọ bụ elu art? Azịza ya dabeere n'elu. Gzhel, onye mere eme na-aga azụ ná mmalite narị afọ nke 14, ọtụtụ narị afọ nwere oge gara ọtụtụ guises. Nke a "impermanence" ọ dịghị ụzọ imebi ndị kpọkwara nka crafts. First ndiife craft "Gzhel" e kwuru okwu ya posthumous testament Ivana Kality, na Grand Duke nke Moscow, na 1340, nke o nyere iwu ka eketa seramiiki noo uru nwa-ya.

Gzhel ma ọ bụ zhgel

The aha "Gzhel", akụkọ nke ọdịdị nke bụ ka a okwu nke arụmarụ, o nwere na ya ugbu ụdị ruo ogologo oge. Nso nke echiche nwere dịghị bara uru. Ụfọdụ etymologists, ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na ọ na-abịa site Gzhelka osimiri Gzholka ma ọ bụ Gzhelka asọ elu Dnieper, na ndị ọkachamara na-achọ kwere na mbụ ndiife craft "Gzhel" na-akpọ zhgel ka seramiiki ngwaahịa ọkụ na ọkụ. A akwụkwọ ozi esesịn rearranged onwe ha Russian nkịtị dị iche perennial àgwà niile pereinachit, isughari ihe e dere na invert. Dị ka ihe atụ, a Russian okwu "niile" na-akpọ dị ka "amakụ". Na ọ dịghị ihe i nwere ike ime banyere ya. Ya mere, ebe - zhgel na Gzhel.

White ụrọ maka pharmacists

Gịnị bụ Gzhel? Ebe a, ogologo ebe ibu ama elu-edu na-acha ọcha ụrọ Ngwuputa nke e guzobere na nke 17 na narị afọ. Na 1663 o nyere iwu nke Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, nke na-agụ: "ke parish Gzhel wepụ ụrọ, nke kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọgwụ arịa alchemical ee." Na na Moscow na adreesị nke na-ere ọgwụ iwu nye 15 ugbala kwajuru na ụrọ. Ebe ọ bụ na glinodobyvayuschy osisi "Gzhel" ghọrọ a soplaya nke na-acha ọcha ụrọ maka Moscow pharmacists. A Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị Mikhail Lomonosov kwuru otú ahụ: "E nwere na o siri ike a dị ọcha ala, na-enweghị primeshaniya karịa Gzhel, koyu chemists akpọ a na-amaghị nwoke, n'ihi na ya whiteness na-adị ọcha." Na mgbakwunye na-acha ọcha iche ụrọ, na "Gzhel ohia" zoro n'okpuru ala a ole na ole ụdị ọrụ mmepụta clays kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na mmepụta nke dị iche iche na ngwaahịa, gụnyere art. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-agbalị iji chọpụta olu nke mee site mfe mgbawa, ma ọ dịghị ihe bịara nke na ọ na - ọ bụ doro anya na-enyoba formations - na ọ bụ nanị akụkụ dị nta nke na-ẹdude ego na ya. Ọgwụgwụ bụ doro anya: na akụrụngwa ga-ezu karịa otu ọgbọ.

Gịnị bụ Gzhel si ele ihe anya ite omenkà

Fọrọ nke nta ka afọ anọ Gzhel ụlọ ahịa e mere nke ụrọ ite arịa n'ụzọ stovu taịl na mfe ụmụ ụmụaka.

Na 1812, nke dị n'ógbè ahụ, e nwere 25 ụlọ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta nnukwu ego nke kichin arịa. Oké ọnụ karịsịa ngwaahịa ụlọ mmepụta ihe na Laptev Ermila Ivanova, emi odude ke obodo nke Kuzyaeva. Azụ ahịa ntị bụghị nanị na-emeputa edenyere, ọ dị mkpa iji jide n'aka na ngwaahịa na-mere site na otu nke atọ kacha akwanyere ùgwù ọkpu: Kokunom Ivan, ma ọ bụ Ivan Gusyatnikova Nikifor Srosleem. Ezie na forerunners nke ụwa na-ama Gzhel art ngwaahịa ndị ụrọ ụmụaka na ụmụ obere ihe oyiyi, na ụmụ anụmanụ, nnụnụ, na ịnyịnya na nwa bebi. Onye ọ bụla ibe bụ n'aka na-chọta a asịwo.

Ịchọ mma ngwaahịa

Gịnị bụ Gzhel si ele ihe anya nke ndị ala ọzọ? Ozugbo nso obodo nke Minino hụrụ a oyi akwa nke pụrụ iche plastic ìhè-agba ntụ ụrọ, poselin ụlọ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara mmepụta ite e guzosie ike site na nke keugwu jugs na ite, na Kvasnikov kumgans. Na na akpa ọkara narị afọ nke 19 na ọ malitere na mmepụta nke kpochapụwo-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha ọcha Gzhel efere. Ndị mba ọzọ n'anya, ndị hụrụ Russian omenala, chọpụtara ozugbo na ihe ọhụrụ ihe ndị dị ọnụ ala, na ịma mma nke poselin n'ọkwá ka nke ma ama masterpieces nke German nwe. N'ihi ya, okwu ndị bụ "Gzhel - efere" ka enwetara a anya pụtara. Artel na iwu dara, ọ bụ mmalite nke oge nke ezi Gzhelian art.

Mgbe ke Russia e nwere agaghị ezu ụrọ ma ọ bụ poselin ceramik maka esi, ụlọ eji na ọgaranya silverware, na ndị mmadụ nke nkezi n'aka ọdịnaya na ụfọdụ efere, iko na saucers na butere ala àgwà clays. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na na biakwa obibia nke Gzhel efere malitere a ezigbo ọganihu. Ahịa na ndị na industrialists anya bịara doo anya na cookware ahịa mkpa a sara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mara mma tent, kọfị na tii, mfe ma festive. Na Gzhel crockery bụ ihe kasị mma ruru eru n'ihi nzube a.

Yakov Kuznetsov Old kwere ekwe

Na 1812, ndị bi n'ime obodo nta Novoharitonovskogo, aha ya bụ Kuznetsov Yakov Vasilevich, ihe Old kwere ekwe na okwukwe, meghere a obere poselin mmepụta, nke anya na-eto ka a nnukwu size nke enterprise na alaka Rybinsk, Tver na Riga. Products style "Gzhel", photos nke na-ọkọnọ na page choro elu professionalism na ha rụpụta. Ke adianade do, onye ọ bụla ọhụrụ osisi bụkwa mkpa nke ọkachamara, na Yakov Vasilyevich malitere na-agba omenkà na nka si n'akụkụ. People-abịa na ndị ezinụlọ ha, ha na-enye ndo na ike a ala na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe olileanya na ha ga-anọgide na-ruo ogologo oge. Na otú ọ bụ, umu ketara ọrụ nke kpọrọ ndị ọkachamara na ndị nne na nna na-asọpụrụ na-ebu ya na-atụ. N'ihi ya, poselin ụlọ ọrụ ọma mepụtara, azu "Gzhel" mụbara. The ike nke iwu nke mere mba ọzọ bụ ihe karịrị pasent 80 nke ngụkọta ngwaahịa. Nkebi ahịrịokwu bụ "Gzhel - efere" adịkwaghị ahia. Production chọrọ ọzọ, poselin ụlọ mmepụta ihe malitere iji belata site na enweghi manpower na ruru eru na-dịghịkwa ebe. Breeders okpukpu abụọ ụgwọ ọrụ ma na ụgwọ ọnwa na iji ọrụ site a nke atọ. N'ịchọ na-arụ ọrụ na Gzhel ụlọ mmepụta ihe na ụba ozugbo na anya nke bụ maka oge ụfọdụ biri. Osisi akwụ zuru ike na ugbu a ngwaahịa ezu maka Russian ahịa na ngafe ma hapụrụ maka mba ọzọ.

Ihe na Technology

White ụrọ nkwụnye ego na ebe Gzhel nwere 17 iche nke e nwere ihe abụọ bụ isi - akpa n'ihi na mmepụta nke ite na poselin, bụ "belozhguschy" dịgasị iche iche, na nke abụọ - red ceramik "Gzheli" na majolica.

The nnukwu nwere nke poselin mmepụta wee hụ eze nke Moscow na All Russia Romanov Alexei Mikhailovich. Mgbe ụfọdụ oge eze kpebiri. Gafee Gzhelian ụwa kagburu serfdom, ndị ọrụ nkà nwetara ha nnwere onwe alaeze ukwu nyere iwu na e kenyere ikpe ochichi. Scientist Mikhail Lomonosov, na ndị ya na-akpakọrịta Dmitry Vinogradov chọpụtara a ọhụrụ Ntụziaka maka poselin, nke bụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu-agbanwe agbanwe na pụrụ iche Ọdịdị nke Gzhel ụrọ. The chọpụtara e mere 1748 na ebe ọ bụ mgbe ahụ malitere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian poselin ke uwa uche. N'oge na-adịghị wuru Imperial Factory, nke ghọrọ isi ulo oru enterprise n'ihi na mmepụta nke ụrọ na ngwaahịa na ókèala Russia. A seramiiki "Gzhel" anya enwetara ndị ulo oru ọnọdụ.

Popularity Gzhelian azu

Na narị afọ nke 19 Gzhel ceramik agbasa gafee Russian ókèala. Tellingly, ndị ọzọ na poselin ụlọ mmepụta ihe na nke ngwaahịa, mma ọ ghọrọ. The archival mere n'ụbọchị ndị eze ukwu ụlọ ọrụ n'oge ahụ na-echekwara na iji efere nke ndị eze table, na-adọrọ mmasị Gzhelian emeputa nke ezi china Stepan Afanasyev: "... ke ẹbọ nke ihe esenidụt samolutchey obiọma na ...", nke pụtara "dị na nke kacha mma na mba mma." Na ọ ga-chere na nna ya ukwu na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ manufakturschika Afanasyeva, brilliantly nagide ọrụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụrọ ụlọ mmepụta ihe na-asọ mpi na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, na-agbalị-esi n'ihu nke onye ọ bụla ọzọ na àgwà. Ọ bụ a ike mpi, na nke na-enweghị mpi. Kama nke ahụ, nna ya ukwu gbalịrị ịkọrọ ahụmahụ na ọmịiko ka igosipụta ahịa na nzuzo onye ọzọ.

Classic acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha ọcha

Nke nta nke nta, ihe niile na ngwaahịa nke Russian poselin ụlọ mmepụta ihe, ahịa n'okpuru ika "Gzhel", a foto show nke ya, kpaliri a cobalt-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba. Nke a na agba aghọwo a "ika" na akpa ebe maka efere, na mgbe ihe ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa, ụmụaka na onyinye. Otu agba cobalt, a mara mma na-egbuke egbuke-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba na-emepụta na 1735 site na Swedish mineralogist Georgom Brandom nke oké nkume pyrite.

Ke adianade "ụlọọrụ" agba, Gzhel poselin dị iche iche storylines n'ụzọ zuru okè gburu drawings. Artists ese spontaneously, na-enweghị osise na osise, "mma oyiri" otu ugboro, na ha na-eme ya. Gzhel picture - ọ na-mgbe kwupụtara nka image, nke a na-nnọọ adịkarịghị ugboro ugboro. "A ntụziaka" acha anụnụ anụnụ-na-na-acha ọcha na ngwaahịa na-emepụta naanị dị ka ihe ncheta, na ọbụna mgbe na obere batches. Ihu ọma "Gzhel" - bụ nanị akwụkwọ mere na a ọma nka larịị.

na-eru ngwa

Technologies eji na n'ichepụta Gzhel iche iche ma irè ezuru. Master na-adịghị na-achọ mfe ụzọ na-arụ ọrụ na mgbagwoju atụmatụ ke laa na-amụta usoro ndị ọhụrụ. Nso nso Gzhel nka malitere itinye na-akpọ mbuaha sere Usoro, underglaze na overglaze ebe bụ isi cobalt ụkpụrụ etinyere mmiri ụrọ, a glaze, a ọzọ zuru ezu ụkpụrụ ama dọtara na glaze. M ga-asị na usoro a aghọwo ọhụrụ na a eriri nke innovations, dị ka ọ bụ mgbe ahụ Gzhel ngwaahịa na-aba na a okomoko ma banye kwa ụbọchị. N'ihi ya, acha anụnụ anụnụ-na-na-acha ọcha tent, erimeri tent, ọla igbe, ụmụ ụmụaka na ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa a na-etinye na iyi.

idebaihe oge

Mgbe mgbanwe nke 1917 ọtụtụ ndị poselin factory e mechiri n'ihi na ọ dịghị onye na-eme azụmahịa na n'ichepụta - nkà engineer, onye na niile, kwaga, na ndị fọdụrụ mkpara ike ịnagide ihe aga-eme. O sina dị, mgbe iri afọ abụọ nke arụghị ọrụ ezi poselin art malitere nwayọọ nwayọọ gbakee. revival usoro oru ekele na nsọpụrụ nke ceramists nka, enthusiasts Gzhelian crafts.

Eme ka revival nke art mere Gzhelian artist Ni Bessarabova, ọ na-akwado ya ọkpụ-ceramist, mara nkatọ AB Saltykov. N'okpuru nduzi ha, ndiife craft e n'ụzọ zuru ezu weghachiri eweghachi na ọzọ-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha ọcha ike gilding achakwa n'ụwa nile.

"Gzhel" taa

Ugbu a, nkà nke "Gzhel" na-aga n'ihu ka ha webata, e nwere a ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke nkà nka arụ ọrụ na omenala ahụ, ma na ihe ọnwụ ihu teknụzụ. "Gzhel ohia" bụ iri isii kilomita site Moscow, ndinyanade mbịne na ntụziaka nke Murom, ọ na-eweta ọnụ 27 na obodo ntà, onye ọ bụla nke bụ butere n'aka ọkpu-ite na nka ndụ na-arụ ọrụ.

Taa "Gzhel" - npako nke mba ahụ, Russia azụmahịa kaadị na ubi nke ezi nkà, tinyere Khokhloma, Zhostovo azu Fedoskino miniature - niile ndiife crafts of Russia. "Gzhel" nwere ezi isi oche a prestigious ndepụta.