Gịnị bụ protein? Ihe Nlereanya nke dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju na-edozi

Iji ghọta otú mkpa bụ na-edozi, ọ suffices icheta ọma mara okwu Fridriha Engelsa: "Life - a ụzọ ịdị adị nke protein ozu." N'eziokwu, n'ime ụwa nke a bekee ke adianade nucleic asịd, ime ka niile ngosipụta nke bi okwu. Na nke a akwụkwọ, anyị ga-ahụ ihe ọ na-mejupụtara protein, na-amụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ ya rụrụ dị ka nke ọma dị ka kọwaa bughi atụmatụ nke dị iche iche ụdị.

Peptides - ukwuu haziri Polymers

N'ezie, na a ndụ cell dị ka osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ na-edozi quantitatively kpagburuibe n'elu ọzọ organic bekee, nakwa dị ka na-arụ ọrụ kasị ukwuu ọtụtụ dị iche iche ọrụ. Ha na-ekere òkè a dịgasị iche iche nke dị nnọọ mkpa cellular Filiks, dị ka ije, nchedo, mkpu ọrụ na na. Ihe atụ, na muscle anụ ahụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ peptides nkejikotara ruo 85% site na ibu ibu nke akọrọ okwu, na ọkpụkpụ na dermis - si 15-50%.

All cellular na anụ ahụ na-edozi na-ekewet nke amino asịd (20 ụdị). Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na ndu eme ntule bụ mgbe hà iri abụọ umu. Dị iche iche ihe n'ịgwa nke peptide monomers na-etolite a dịgasị iche iche nke na-edozi ke uwa. Ọ na-eme atụmatụ na nkà mmụta mbara igwe nọmba nke 2x10 ¹⁸ omume umu. Na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ polypeptides akpọ macromolecular ndu Polymers - macromolecules.

Amino asịd - protein monomers

All 20 ụdị nke ndị a chemical ogige ndị na-edozi na bughi nkeji nwere izugbe usoro NH ₂ -R-COOH. Ha na-amphoteric organic bekee ike na-egosipụta ma isi na acidic Njirimara. Ọ bụghị nanị na ndị dị mfe na-edozi, ma mgbagwoju, nwere na-akpọ oké mkpa amino asịd. Ma ndị dị oké mkpa monomers, dị ka valine, lysine, methionine nwere ike hụrụ naanị na ụfọdụ iche iche nke belkov.Takie edozi kwuru na dị ka elu-ọkwa.

Ya mere, e ji mara mgbe polima n'ime akaụntụ bụghị naanị otú ọtụtụ nke amino asịd bụ protein, kamakwa ụdị monomers na-esonyere peptide nkekọ na macromolecule. Tinye na-adịchaghị mkpa amino asịd ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka asparagine, glutamic acid, cysteine nwere ike onwe synthesized na mkpụrụ ndụ nke ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. Mkpa monomers bụ ndi na-edozi na-emepụta bacteria, osisi na fungi. Ha na-abịa na heterotrophic ntule naanị nri.

Dị ka na-emepụta polypeptide

Dị ka a maara, 20 dị iche iche amino asịd nwere ike tinyere na a plurality nke ụdị protein ụmụ irighiri. Olee otú ihe nkịtị nke monomers na onye ọ bụla ọzọ? Ọ na-egosi na carboxyl na amine iche iche nke n'akụkụ amino asịd dina emekọ. A na-akpọ peptide agbụ, na mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ekenyela ka a byproduct nke polycondensation mmeghachi omume. Ihe protein molekul mejupụtara amino acid residues na ugboro ugboro peptide agbụ. Ya mere, ha na-akpọ polypeptides.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, na-edozi nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị otu ma ọtụtụ polypeptide ígwè na iso nke ọtụtụ puku amino acid residues. Ọzọkwa, dị mfe na-edozi na na-eru proteid siere ha gbasara ohere nhazi. Nke a na-emepụta ọ bụghị nanị na isi, ma nke abụọ, tertiary na ọbụna quaternary Ọdịdị. Ka anyị tụlee nke a na ihe zuru ezu. N'ịnọgide na-inyocha ajụjụ nke ihe kasị a protein, chọpụta ihe nhazi nwere a macromolecule. Anyị achọpụtala na a polypeptide yinye gụnyere a plurality nke covalent chemical agbụ. Ọ bụ nke a Ọdịdị a na-akpọ isi.

Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na quantitative na qualitative mejupụtara nke amino asịd, nakwa dị ka usoro nke ha njikọ. Secondary Ọdịdị na-ebilite n'oge nke helix. Ọ stabilizes ọtụtụ ọhụrụ abụrụ hydrogen agbụ.

Higher etoju nke protein nzukọ

Tertiary Ọdịdị bụ n'ihi nke nkwakọ gburugburu na ụdị a bọl - globules, e.g., muscle protein myoglobin ákwà nwere dị otú ahụ a gbasara ohere Ọdịdị. Ọ na-akwado ka e guzobere ọhụrụ site hydrogen agbụ, na disulfide nkekọ (ma ọ bụrụ na cysteine residues agụnye ọtụtụ protein molekul). Quaternary ụdị - a bụ n'ihi nke ijikọta n'ime otu Ọdịdị ọtụtụ protein globules site ọhụrụ ụdị mmekọrịta ahụ, dị ka hydrophobic ma ọ bụ electrostatic. Yana peptides na quaternary Ọdịdị agụnye nonproteinaceous òkè. Ndị a nwere ike magnesium ion, ígwè, ọla kọpa ma ọ residues orthophosphate ma ọ bụ nucleic asịd, na lipids.

Atụmatụ protein biosynthesis

Anyị na mbụ chọpụtara ihe ọ mejupụtara protein. Ọ na-wuru nke amino acid usoro. Nzukọ ha n'ime a polypeptide yinye-ewe ebe ribosomes - na-abụghị akpụkpọ ahụ organelles, osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Na biosynthesis nke molekul na-ekerekwa ọmụma na nyefee RNA. Nke mbụ bụ a na atụrụ nke protein nzukọ na nke abụọ erute dị iche iche amino asịd. e na-a nsogbu na usoro nke cellular biosynthesis, ya bụ, protein mejupụtara nucleotides ma ọ bụ amino asịd? Azịza ya dị mfe - na polypeptides nke ma dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju iso nke amphoteric organic ogige - amino asịd. Na ndụ okirikiri nke mkpụrụ ndụ , e nwere oge nke ya ọrụ mgbe protein njikọ ewe ebe ike karịsịa. Nke a na-akpọ ogbo J1 na J2 interphase. N'oge a, ndị cell na-arụsi ọrụ na-eto eto na kwesịrị ọtụtụ ewu ihe owuwu, nke bụ protein. Ọzọkwa, dị ka a n'ihi nke mitotic ogwugwu ụdị abụọ nwa mkpụrụ ndụ, onye ọ bụla nke chọrọ a nnukwu ego nke organic bekee, Otú ọ dị na ọwa ezigbo endoplasmic reticulum bụ ọrụ njikọ nke lipids na carbohydrates, na granular EPM emee biosynthesis nke na-edozi.

The ọrụ nke na-edozi

Ịmara ihe na-eme ka elu a protein, ọ nwere ike kọwara dị ka a nnukwu dịgasị iche iche nke umu, na pụrụ iche Njirimara pụta ụwa a bekee. Ndi na-edozi ịrụ na onu a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ, dị ka ndị na-ewu, dị ka akụkụ nke membranes nke mkpụrụ ndụ nile na organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi mgbagwoju, na na. Dị otú ahụ peptides ka gamoglobuliny ma ọ bụ antibody - nwere ihe atụ ndị dị mfe na-edozi na-arụ ọrụ a na-echebe ọrụ. Ndị ọzọ okwu, cellular ọgụ - nke a bụ n'ihi nke edinam nke a bekee. A mgbagwoju protein - keyhole, tinyere haemoglobin, emezu anụmanụ iga ọrụ, ya bụ, na-eburu oxygen na ọbara. Egosi na-edozi na-eme ka cell akpụkpọ ahụ, na cell ọmụma na-enye na bekee, na-agbalị-esi na ya cytoplasm. Albumin peptide bụ maka na isi kwa nke ọbara, n'ihi na ihe atụ, n'ihi na ya nwere ikike clot. Protein ovalbumin ngwaahịa àkwá na a onu, na isi iyi nke nri.

Ndi na-edozi - ndabere nke cell cytoskeleton

Otu n'ime ihe dị mkpa ọrụ nke peptides - support. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe udi na olu nke ihe dị ndụ. A na-akpọ ihe owuwu submembrane - microtubules na microfilaments nwere njikọ chiri anya na-etolite na esịtidem ọkpụkpụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndi na-edozi gụnyere ha mejupụtara, e.g., tubulin, nwere ike ngwa ngwa ga-abịakọrọ na agbatị. Nke a na-enyere ndị cell ịnọgide na-enwe ya udi na n'ibu deformations.

Na osisi sel, tinyere ndi na-edozi hyaloplasm, na-akwado ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ strands cytoplasm - plasmodesmata. Agafe pores na cell mgbidi, ha ime ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isi cellular owuwu na-etolite na osisi anụ ahụ.

Enzymes - a umi nke protein agwa

Otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa Njirimara nke na-edozi - mmetụta ha na ọnụego nke chemical Jeremaya mere. Basic na-edozi na-enwe ike ikpe denature - unwinding usoro macromolecule na tertiary ma ọ bụ quaternary Ọdịdị. The otu polypeptide yinye na-adịghị agbaji. Ele Mmadụ Anya n'Ihu denaturation underlies ma mgbaàmà na na catalytic ọrụ nke protein. Nke ikpeazụ onwunwe bụ ikike nke enzymes na-emetụta ọnụego Biochemical Jeremaya mere na ntọala na cytoplasm nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Peptides na, ọzọ, na-ebelata ọnụego nke chemical Filiks akpọ enzymes na inhibitors. Dị ka ihe atụ, a mfe protein Catalase bụ enzyme nke accelerates gbawara hydrogen peroxide of bekee. Ọ na-emepụta dị ka ọgwụgwụ ngwaahịa nke ọtụtụ chemical Jeremaya mere. Catalase accelerates ya mkpofu na-anọpụ iche bekee, mmiri na oxygen.

Njirimara nke na-edozi

The peptides na-nkewa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ka ihe atụ, na-akwanyere mmiri nwere ike kere n'ime hydrophilic na hydrophobic. Okpomọkụ na-dị iche iche na-emetụta ihe owuwu ma na Njirimara nke protein ụmụ irighiri. Ka ihe atụ, keratin protein - ntutu na ntu akụrụngwa nwere ike idi ma ala na elu okpomọkụ, i.e. bụ thermolabile. Ma protein ovalbumin, e kwuru na mbụ, mgbe ewe iwe ka 80-100 ° C na-ebibi kpam kpam. Nke a pụtara na ọ na-kewaa isi Ọdịdị nke ahụ amino acid residues. Nke a usoro a na-akpọ mbibi. N'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụla ọnọdụ, anyị emeghị ike, na ala nna ụdị protein alaghachi ike. Motor protein - actin na milozin ugbu ke muscle emep uta eri. Ha ọzọ mkpi na-atụrụ bụ ihe ndabere nke muscle ọrụ.