Gymnosperms akpọrọ na ndụ mmadụ, na ọdịdị

Osisi nke gymnosperms - ndabere nke osisi kpọmkwem ebe nke Earth. Ha - ngụgụ nke mbara ala anyị, na-enye nnukwu ichekwa oxygen ma mbenata carbon dioxide ịta. The nri uru nke gymnosperms bụ ezitekwara nri na nnụnụ na òké.

General Njirimara nkpuru

The mbụ osisi na-propagated site na osisi, pụtara na n'etiti ndị Devonian oge. Otú ọ dị, ha kara n'elu spore puta ìhè na a gasịrị oge. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na ihe a merenụ ka mgbanwe ihu igwe: a Mbelata okpomọkụ na ọdịda na Mesozoic oge. Di iche iche na uru nke gymnosperms na okooko osisi nwere ịrịba iche. Ma ngalaba nke elu osisi yiri ọnụnọ nke mgbọrọgwụ, Ome na ịmụ ọmụmụ akụkụ.

Osisi na mụta nwa site na osisi, nwere ihe ụfọdụ na uru n'elu spore. The isi distinguishing atụmatụ:

• Spore mee nke a otu cell, na osisi - si set.
• Pollination - nyefe usoro nke pollen mkpụrụ na nkpuru germs. Mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi nzube a ọ na-achọrọ ifufe, na ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ.
• Nkpuru mejupụtara ihe nwa, ndị dị mkpa nri na shei na-echebe megide mpụga mmetụta.
• N'ihi na njikọta spam dịghị mkpa ka mmiri.

General e ji mara gymnosperms

The mara uru nke gymnosperms na ọdịdị ruru ha Ọdịdị. E nwere ihe dị ka 700 oge a na ụdị ndị a osisi. Nkpuru-ha bụ n'elu ihe ọtụtụ na-emeghe. All ha ka ha chebe - bee. Belata evaporation n'elu jisiri site stomata pụtara.

Conifers nwere a elu nke 40 ruo 70 m, ma e nwere ụdị na-eru 100 m, ọ ga-ekewet mammoth osisi. Ịba ọkpụrụkpụ nke Kporo enye cambium mkpụrụ ndụ, nke ịnwụ karịrị oge. Ọ na-enye nchebe pụọ ike ifufe. N'ụgbụgbọ pine osisi nwere a plurality nke tubules na resin nke aga si site mebiri emebi akụkụ-emerụ na-agwọ ọrịa. Ọzọ pụtara gymnosperms na ọdịdị - carbon nchekwa, nke ahụ na-aga n'ime a nkwụnye ego.

amụba gymnosperms

Iji mma ịghọta ihe gymnosperms, ọ dị mma ịtụle ha amụba. Anyị na-eme nke a n'ihe atụ nke pine osisi nke na-egosi mgbe osisi afọ site 12 ruo afọ 15. Cones - ozu, nke chara n'onwe nkpuru rudiments na pollen mkpụrụ. Ha na-guzobere n'ihi nke mgbanwe nke Ome nke na-mkpumkpu, na epupụta nwere ghọọ flakes.

Fir bụ nke a monoecious osisi, nke nwere ma sexes akụkụ nke mmeputakwa. Female cones bụ ọbara ọbara hue na uko akpịrịkpa. Eto eto na oge ịse onu ire. Onye ọ bụla lamella nwere abụọ nkpuru izizi. Nwoke cones ii nso na isi nke ogologo Ome. Ha na agba bụ odo-agba ntụ. The flakes nwere 2 anther, pollen kpụrụ nime ya. Ya mkpụrụ abụọ shells n'agbata nke e nwere cavities jupụtara na ikuku. Nke a na atụmatụ na-enye ohere pollen ịkwaga na ifufe si n'ebe ibu.

Im uru nke gymnosperms, ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-atụ uche na usoro nke pollination:

• N'oge opupu ihe ubi pollen ka ifufe akụrisị ovules.
• Akpịrịkpa ndị cones amalite ịkpọtụrụ, kpamkpam ekpuchi ahu.
• Emewo wee si pollen ọka germinates pollen tube.
• Njikọta-eme nanị mgbe a afọ, mgbe n'ime agbapụ primordia apụta egg na endosperm (anụ ahụ na a ọkọnọ nke nri).
• N'ihi na egg dabara pollen tube na nke abụọ spam (na-enweghị flagella) na-akpali. Otu n'ime ha rute mgbaru ọsọ na njikọta spam-ewe ebe, na nke abụọ na-anwụ.
• N'ihi na nkpuru izizi a kpụrụ mkpụrụ.

nkpuru

Mkpụrụ iso nke bee (shei kpụrụ si izizi), endosperm na izizi. Ha na-eto na 3 afọ mgbe bumps na-eto eto. The otu osisi ahụ nwere ha dị iche iche nkebi nke mmepe. Fir mkpụrụ ifuru yiri, ma bụ endosperm, nke e hiwere site prothallia. Ọ bụ nnọọ arọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ nwere ike na-eto eto na nkume ledges na idi oké frosts. Ndị a na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nkọwa na-ekpebisi ike site na uru nke gymnosperms.

Ọmụmụ ihe dị ndụ gymnosperms

Gịnị bụ uru nke gymnosperms, otu nwere ike iche, ebe ọ maara otú ihe ha ochie. Na Paleozoic na Mesozoic eras ha adịkwaghị n'etiti osisi. Ndị a bụ ndị Evergreen osisi. Umu, na-ahụkarị ebe okpomọkụ belt, nwere nnukwu dissected epupụta (dị ka nkwụ). Green akụkụ nke osisi ke edere edere latitudes bụ obere (dị ka agịga ma ọ bụ akpịrịkpa). Nke a bụ n'ihi na ala iru mmiri.

Gịnị bụ ndu uru bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na gymnosperms etolite dum ọhịa? Apịtị ọnọdụ latitudes - n'ụlọ ọtụtụ bi na nke ndu eme ntule. Karịsịa ọ na-ezo aka na nnụnụ na-enye nwa ara (carnivores, omnivores na phytophagous). Oké ọhịa na-enye ha nri, na-echebe, ebe obibi, na ọnọdụ maka ozuzu na ịzụ nwa.

Mineral Siberia - ochie gymnosperms nnukwu size. Ma ebe nke coniferous ọhịa na-ngwa ngwa adalata ruru iche iche mere: osisi, ọkụ, na-ekpocha ohere maka ụzọ, obodo na ụlọ. Detrimental ka apịtị metụtara ndị idei mmiri ebe, agwụ nke ala mmiri, na Ngwuputa.

Critical gymnosperms - inwetara nke ikuku na oxygen na nhicha ya nke carbon dioxide. Man nnọọ igh i mma n'anya na-akọ na ha na ọrụ, nke mere na elu ọdịnaya nke na-emerụ adịghị na soot na ikuku na-eduga ná karịrị akarị n'ụlọikpe na ìgwè bekee stomata na akwukwo agụba. The agịga adịghị ada oyi kwa afọ, ya mere, ha lifespan na-ebelata n'ihi ihe a maka a afọ ole na ole. Mkpochapu osisi N'ime ohia bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị chere na nsogbu ụwa.

Gymnosperms akpọrọ na ndụ mmadụ

Economic ojiji nke conifers malitere ogologo oge gara aga. N'ụwa taa, ọ bụ ike iche n'echiche-enweghị ka ha ọtụtụ alaka nke mmepụta na ụzọ ndụ. The ojiji na pụtara gymnosperms dị iche iche na ngalaba nke ndụ:

• Food. Site na isi akụkụ nke otutu aho emepụta a kwekọrọ ekwekọ romp. Na nri iwesa mkpụrụ nke Siberia pine.
• Construction. Wood - a magburu onwe ihe n'ihi na finishing na mmepụta owuwu.
• Mmanụ ụgbọala. Osisi kporo nku na-eji maka kpo oku onye ụlọ.
• Medicine. Mkpa mmanụ nke pine buds - ndabere maka ọgwụ.
• Chemical. Site gymnosperms emepụta turpentine, tar, pitch, mkpa mmanụ.
• Aesthetic. e nwere ornamental umu n'etiti conifers. Great uru gymnosperms na e kere eke nke ọhịa eriri tinyere ubi na okporo ụzọ.

Ọzọ, na-elerukwu anya gymnosperms uru ndụ mmadụ. Rịba ama na nke ọ bụla ụdị ga-mkpirikpi.

Fir na spruce

Fir - a typical nnọchiteanya nke osisi nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe na subtropical n'ugwu. Ọ na-eto ngwa ngwa na hụrụ ìhè. Site ọhịa aja Ona ma ọ bụ mbuaha ọhịa. Ndu ndimmadu ruo afọ 400. Fir osisi a na-eji ke imewe nke ugbo elu, ụgbọ okporo ígwè ugbala, mmiri iga, ngwá ụlọ. Rosin, turpentine resin, na ụgbọ mmiri na-emepụta si turpentine. Fresh Ome - ngwaọrụ n'ihi na mmepụta nke ọgwụ n'ihi na elu ọdịnaya nke vitamin C. Medical eji pollen mkpụrụ dị ka onye ọzọ lycopodium esemokwu. Fir - a typical nnọchiteanya nke conifers, otú ahụ uru nke gymnosperms na-emeso ya ihe atụ.

Spruce na-etolite Europe na Western Siberia, na Carpathian Ugwu. Ndu ndimmadu ruo 300 afọ. E nwere dị ọcha na spruce na admixture nke ọzọ coniferous na deciduous umu. Wood - magburu onwe ewu ihe owuwu, mmanụ ụgbọala. Cellulose nwetara ya nime ya - akụrụngwa n'ihi papermaking. N'ụgbụgbọ bụ ọgaranya tannins. Mee turpentine, rosin, pitch, resin.

Igwe na larch

fir ebe obibi bụ nnọọ n'uju. Osisi a bụ nnọọ emede nke ndò na oyi na-atụ. Alaka na-eto eto nso n'ala, mfe imepụta mgbọrọgwụ. Nwere ike ịchọta na mbara ọzara na ugwu ugwu teren. Wood - magburu onwe ihe n'ihi na ndị na-ewu, crafts, akwụkwọ na paperboard. The mkpa mmanụ na-emepụta si agịga. Camphor na balms mere si na-eto eto Ome. E nwere ornamental umu-eji na odida obodo imewe.

Larch - a typical osisi nke Eurasia na North America Afrika. Site n'oge oyi, ọ wụfuru agịga na-adịghị hụrụ ndị ọzọ gymnosperms. Ọ bụ eguzogide ọgwụ na ntu oyi, ma hụrụ ndị anwụ. Wood nwere a ọbara ọbara hue, nke bụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ ka mmiri. Site na ọ na-eme ka sleepers, props na mines, akwụkwọ ngwaahịa. Na ya hụrụ were ke imewe nke ụgbọ mmiri.

Cedar na yew

Cedar etolite na Mediterranean, Western Himalayas, Siberia. O nwere a sara mbara okpueze na a ukwuu elu. Ya siri ike osisi eji na-ewu ụgbọ mmiri.

Tees - nile umu. Ọ dịghị kpere yew ọhịa. Ọ na-ahụkarị nke ugwu na-ekpo ọkụ ebe. Naanị nke a abụghị nnọchiteanya nke resins nke conifers. Wood agba - odo-acha ọbara ọbara. Ọ na-ebe-eji dị ka a akụrụngwa n'ihi mgbanwe, ịkwa nkà na ọrụ owuwu. Site na ya na-emepụta ngwá ụlọ, ewu ụlọ. The uru nke osisi - na ya iguzogide putrefaction.

Fir na osisi junipa

Fir etolite ọnọdụ-ekpo ọkụ climates nke Eurasia na North America. Na Crimea na Caucasus, dị n'ubi. Crohn nwere a pyramid udi ma ọ bụ a na-agbasa. Soft na fechaa ornamental ihe onwunwe. Nke osisi na-eme ka ngwá ụlọ.

Junipa na-etolite niile onodu ubochi zones nke Ugwu Ụwa. Pure forms a na-egbuke egbuke n'oké ọhịa. Anọchi anya ala osisi na osisi. N'ebe nile ihe n'ihi na handicrafts na-ewu. Sanibol - egbu egbu mkpa mmanụ dị na Ome. Ọ na-eji maka ọgwụ na ahụ ike na nzube.