Halogens: nkịtị Njirimara, chemical Njirimara. The ojiji nke ogige nke halogens na ha

The halogens na oge table-ekpe nke nējide onwe, haruru. Ise a na-egbu egbu dara ọcha gụnyere ke otu 7 nke oge Isiokwu. Ndị a gụnyere fluorine, chlorine, bromine, ayodiin na astatine. Ọ bụ ezie na astatine redioaktivu na nwere naanị a adịte isotopes, ọ na-akpa àgwà dị ka ayodiin na a na-ewere na halogens. Dị ka halogen ọcha bụ asaa valence electrons, ọ chọrọ naanị otu extra elektrọn na-etolite a zuru ezu octet. Nke a ji mara na-eme ka ha karị karịa ndị ọzọ dị iche iche nke ndị na-abụghị ọla.

General e ji mara

Halogens etolite a diatomic molekul (X ₂ ụdị ebe X bụ a halogen) - ụdị-anụ adị halogens dị ka free mkpụrụ ndụ. Kpọtụrụ nke diatomic ụmụ irighiri na-nonpolar, na otu covalent. The chemical Njirimara nke halogens-ekwe ka ha na-adị mfe na-etolite ogige na ọtụtụ ọcha, n'ihi ya, ha na-mgbe hụrụ na unbound ụdị ke uwa. Fluoro - kasị ike halogen na astatine - obere.

All halogens otu m na-etolite salts na yiri Njirimara. Na ndị a ogige, halides bụ ugbu ka a halide anion na a elekọta -1 (e.g., cl ^-, br ^-). Agwụcha -id egosi ọnụnọ nke halide anions; e.g. cl ^- akpọ "chloride".

Ọzọkwa, chemical Njirimara nke halogens-ekwe ka ha mee ihe dị ka oxidizing mmadụ - oxidized ọla. Kasị chemical Jeremaya mere metụtara halogens - redox na okenye ihe ngwọta. Halogens etolite otu nkekọ na carbon ma ọ bụ nitrogen na organic ogige, ebe ogo ọxịdashọn (CO) bụ hà -1. Mgbe nnọchianya site a halogen atọm covalently agbụ hydrogen atọm na organic compound, okirikiri ọkụ n'isi nganiihu nwere ike ga-eji na a n'ozuzu ya, ma ọ bụ prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - kpọmkwem halogens. Halogen ọcha nwere ike a crisscross nkekọ na-etolite diatomic ụmụ irighiri na polar covalent otu agbụ.

Chlorine (cl ₂₎ bụ nke mbụ na okirikiri ọkụ n'isi, meghere na 1774, na mgbe ahụ meghere ayodiin (m _2), bromine (br _2), fluorine (F _2), na astatine (N'oge, hụrụ na nke ikpeazụ na 1940). The aha "halogen" na-ewepụtara Greek mgbọrọgwụ hal- ( «nnu») na -Jen ( «ụdị"). Ọnụ, okwu ndị a pụtara "nnu na-akpụ", na-emesi ike eziokwu ahụ bụ na halogen mkpatụ na ọla-etolite salts. Halite - aha nke oké nkume nnu, eke ịnweta esịnede sodium chloride (NaCl). N'ikpeazụ, halogen eji na home - nwere Fluoride na asa ezé, chloro akuru mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ayodiin ma na-akwalite mmepe nke thyroid homonụ.

chemical ọcha

Fluoro - mmewere na ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 9, na-denoted site F. The elemental fluorine mbụ chọpụtara na 1886 g. Site na-akpa iche ya na hydrofluoric acid. Na free ala na ọ dị adị n'ụdị fluoro diatomic ụmụ irighiri (F ₂₎ na bụ ihe kasị nkịtị halogen, na jikọrọ ọnụ. Fluoro - kacha electronegative mmewere nke oge table. Na ụlọ okpomọkụ, a acha odo gas. Fluorine nwekwara a dịtụ obere atọm okirikiri. Ya CO - -1 ma e wezụga elemental diatomic ala na nke ya ọxịdashọn ala bụ efu. Fluoro nnọọ na ya nọ n'ọrụ na interacts kpọmkwem niile ọcha ma e wezụga helium (Ọ), neon (Ne) na argon (Ar). The H ₂ O solution, hydrofluoric acid (HF) bụ a na-adịghị ike acid. Ọ bụ ezie na nke ukwuu electronegative fluoro, ya electronegativity bụghị chọpụta acidity; HF bụ a na-adịghị ike acid n'ihi na eziokwu na Fluoride ion bụ isi (onye Onyenwe anyị +> 7). Ọzọkwa, fluoro arụpụta nnọọ ike oxidants. Ka ihe atụ, fluorine nwere ike na-eme na inert gas xenon na Nleta a ike oxidant xenon difluoride (XeF _2). Na ọtụtụ ngwa nke Fluoride.

Chlorine - mmewere na ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 17 na chemical akara cl. Chọpụtara na 1774 site na g. Ọ dị iche na hydrochloric acid. Na ya elemental ala ya Nleta a diatomic molekul cl _2. Chlorine nwere ọtụtụ SB -1, 1, 3, 5 na 7. na ụlọ okpomọkụ ọ bụ ìhè green gas. Ebe ọ bụ na nkekọ na-kpụrụ n'etiti abụọ chlorine atọm, bụ adịghị ike, cl ₂ molekul nwere nnọọ elu ike ịbanye njikọ. Chlorine mkpatụ na ọla-etolite salts, nke na-akpọ chlorides. Chloride ion bụ ihe ndị kasị ukwuu ion dị na mmiri nke oké osimiri. Chlorine-nwere abụọ isotopes: ³⁵ cl na ³⁷ cl. Sodium chloride bụ ihe kasị nkịtị njikọ nke niile chlorides.

Bromine - a chemical mmewere na ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 35 na akara br. Ya na nke mbụ chọpụtara ke 1826 ke ụdị elementrị bromine bụ diatomic molekul, br _2. Na ụlọ okpomọkụ, ọ bụ a ọbara ọbara-agba aja aja na mmiri mmiri. Ya CO - -1, + 1, 3, 4 na 5. Bromo karị karịa ayodiin, ma ndị na-erughị ifịk karịa chlorine. Ọzọkwa, bromo isotope nwere ihe abụọ ⁷⁹ br na ⁸¹ br. Bromine n'akparamagwa n'ụdị salts bromide, etisasịwo ke mmiri nke oké osimiri. Na-adịbeghị anya, na mmepụta nke bromide ke ererimbot mụbara budata n'ihi na nke nnweta, na ogologo ndụ. Dị ka ndị ọzọ halogens bromine na oxidant ọ bụ nnọọ na-egbu egbu.

Ayodiin - chemical mmewere na ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 53 na akara I. The ayodiin ọxịdashọn nwere: -1, +1, +5 na +7. E nwere n'ụdị a diatomic molekul, m _2. Na ụlọ okpomọkụ siri ike umi bụ acha odo odo. Ayodiin nwere otu anụ isotope - ¹²⁷ I. First chọpụtara na 1811, na-enyemaka nke algae na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Ugbu a, ayodiin ion nwere ike iche na oké osimiri na mmiri. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ayodiin bụ nnọọ soluble na mmiri, ya solubility nwere ike ụba mgbe eji iche iche iodides. Ayodiin ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ime ahụ, na-ekere òkè na mmepụta nke thyroid homonụ.

Astatine - a redioaktivu mmewere na ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 85 na akara. Ya-ekwe omume ọxịdashọn ekwu -1, 1, 3, 5 na 7. The naanị halogen na-adịghị a diatomic molekul. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, a dara ike ihe nwa. Astatine bụ a nnọọ obere mmewere, otú obere ihe a maara banyere ya. Ọzọkwa, astatine nwere a nnọọ obere ọkara ndụ, agaghịkwa karịa a awa ole na ole. Natara na 1940 dị ka a n'ihi nke njikọ. Ọ na-kweere na astatine yiri ayodiin. Ihe e ji mara dara Njirimara.

The table n'okpuru na-egosi Ọdịdị nke ahụ halogen atọm, Ọdịdị nke elu oyi akwa nke electrons.

Dị otú ahụ Ọdịdị-akpata ná mpụta oyi akwa nke electrons na anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara yiri halogens. Otú ọ dị, mgbe atụnyere ndị a ihe na ihe dị iche na hụrụ.

Oge Njirimara halogen otu

Physical Njirimara nke mfe bekee nke halogen gbanwere na-amụba ordinal nọmba nke mmewere. N'ihi na mma absorption na ihe doo anya karị, anyị na-enye gị a ole na ole tebụl.

Agbaze na mmiri ịgbọ agbọ ihe na otu na-abawanye na-amụba size nke molekul (F

Isiokwu 1. The halogens. Physical Njirimara: agbaze na mmiri ịgbọ agbọ ebe

• The atọm okirikiri na-abawanye.

kernel size abawanye (F

Isiokwu 2: Halogen. Physical Njirimara: atọm radii

• ionization ike mbelata.

Ọ bụrụ na mpụga valence electrons na-adịghị odude nso ntọala, n'ihi na ha mwepụ adịghị achọ a otutu ike ya. N'ihi ya, ike mkpa maka ejection nke elu elektrọn bụghị otú elu na ala akụkụ nke otu ìgwè ndị ọcha, ebe ọ bụ na e nwere ihe ọzọ ike na ọkwa. Ke adianade do, nnukwu ume ionization akpata mmewere gosi na-abụghị dara mma. dara Njirimara n'ihi na ionization ike na-ebelata (Mgbe

Isiokwu 3. halogens. Physical Njirimara: ionisation ume

• Electronegativity mbelata.

The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke valence electrons na atọm na-abawanye na-amụba ike na ọkwa na nke nta nke nta ala etoju. Electrons bụ nwayọọ nwayọọ na ime ebe site na isi; N'ihi ya, ntọala na electrons na-adịghị dị ka dọtara ọ bụla ọzọ. The abawanye na echetakwa e. Ya mere Electronegativity mbelata na-amụba oge (Mgbe

Isiokwu 4. halogens. Physical Njirimara: electronegativity

• Electron mmekọrita mbelata.

Ebe ọ bụ na size nke atọm na-abawanye na oge, na elektrọn mmekọrita na-adịkarị ntakịrị (B

Isiokwu 5. mmekọrita halogen elektrọn

• Reactivity ọcha mbelata.

Reactivity nke halogen mbelata na-amụba oge (Mgbe

Inorganic onwu. Nwụrụ + halogens

Halide kpụrụ mgbe halogen na-meghachi omume na ndị ọzọ, na-erughị electronegative mmewere na-etolite a ọnụọgụ abụọ compound. Hydrogen mkpatụ na halogens etolite halides HX ụdị:

• hydrogen Fluoride HF;
• chloride HCl;
• hydrogen bromide HBr;
• hydrogen iodide ndewo.

hydrogen halides na-adị mfe etisasịwo ke mmiri na-etolite a hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic acid). Njirimara ndị a asịd na-e nyere n'okpuru ebe a.

The asịd kpụrụ ndị na-esonụ mmeghachi omume: HX (aq) + H ₂ O (l) → X ^- (aq) + H ₃ O ⁺ (aq).

All hydrogen halide na-etolite ike acid, ma e wezụga HF.

Acidity abawanye hydrohalic asịd: HF

Hydrofluoric acid nwere ike etch iko na ụfọdụ inorganic fluorides ogologo oge.

O nwere ike iyi ezi uche na HF bụ ike na-ekweghị hydrohalic acid, ebe ọ bụ na fluorine onwe ya elu electronegativity. Otú o sina H-F nkekọ bụ nnọọ ike, na-akpata a nnọọ ike acid. Mmekọrịta siri ike na-akọwa site na a obere nkekọ ogologo na a nnukwu dissociation ike. Of niile hydrogen halides HF nwere kasị nso njikọ ogologo na kasị nkekọ dissociation ike.

halogen oxoacids

Halogen oxo asịd bụ asịd na hydrogen atọm, oxygen na halogen. Ha acidity nwere ike kpebisie site n'inyocha Ọdịdị. Halogen oxoacids-ọkọnọ n'okpuru:

• Hypochlorous acid, HOCl.
• Chlorous acid HClO _2.
• Chloric acid HClO _3.
• Perchloric acid HClO _4.
• Hypobromous acid, HOBr.
• Bromic acid, HBrO _3.
• Perbromic acid HBrO _4.
• Hypoiodous acid HOI.
• Iodic acid HIO _3.
• Metayodnaya acid HIO4, H5IO6.

Na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a proton asịd agbụ na oxygen atọm, otú ahụ tụnyere nke nkekọ ogologo protons bụ na-abaghị uru. The kasị ọrụ na-egwuri a site na electronegativity. Acidity abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oxygen atọm bonded Central atọm.

The anya na ala nke okwu

Ihe bụ isi ahụ Njirimara nke halogens nwere ike nkenke kwupụtara na ndị na-esonụ na tebụl.

nkọwa n'ile

Agba bụ n'ihi nke halogens absorption nke anya ìhè na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-eme ka electrons ụtọ. Fluoro amịkọrọ violet ìhè, na N'ihi na anya acha odo. Ayodiin, na iche, na-amịkọrọ odo ìhè na ọ na anya-acha odo odo (odo na-acha odo odo - arụkọ na agba). Halogen agba agbajie na-amụba oge.

The akara containers mmiri mmiri bromine na ihe siri ike ayodiin nọ ịha ya Alụlụụ, nke pụrụ hụrụ ka a acha gas.

Ọ bụ ezie na agba astatine amaghị ama, e kweere na ọ ga-abụ a darker ayodiin (t. E. Black) na dị na hụrụ ụkpụrụ.

Ugbu a, ọ bụrụ na ị na-jụrụ, sị: "Kwuo nkịtị Njirimara nke halogens," ị ga-ekwu.

Ogo ọxịdashọn nke halogens na ogige

Ogo ọxịdashọn a na-eji kama "valence nke halogens." A, ọxịdashọn ala hà -1. Ma ọ bụrụ na halogen na-jikọrọ ọzọ oxygen ma ọ bụ halogen, o nwere ike ọzọ na-ekwu: oxygen -2 SB nwere mkpa. Bụrụ na nke abụọ dị iche iche halogen atọm bonded ọnụ ọzọ electronegative atọm kasị pụta ìhè na-ewe CO -1.

Ka ihe atụ, na ayodiin chloride (ICl) bụ CO chloro -1, +1 na ayodiin. Chlorine ọzọ bụ electronegative karịa ayodiin, n'ihi nka CO bụ hà -1.

The bromic acid (HBrO ₄₎ oxygen nwere a CO -8 (-2 x 4 = -8 atọm). Nwụrụ nwere ngụkọta ọxịdashọn nọmba +1. Tụkwasị na nke abụọ ndị a ụkpụrụ enye CO -7. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị ikpeazụ compound SB kwesịrị efu, ndị CO bụ asaa bromine.

The atọ ma e wezụga a na-achị bụ ogo ọxịdashọn nke halogen na elemental ụdị (X _2), ebe ya CO nhata efu.

Gịnị mere na fluorine na-mgbe -1?

Electronegativity enwekwu na oge. Ya mere, fluorine nwere kasị elu electronegativity nke niile ọcha, dị ka ọ pụtara ìhè site ya itie ke oge table. Ya electronic nhazi 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^5. Ọ bụrụ na Fluoride ọkọkpọhi ọzọ elektrọn, oké p orbitals kpamkpam jupụtara na-etolite a zuru ezu octet. N'ihi fluorine nwere nnukwu electronegativity, ọ nwere ike mfe họrọ otu elektrọn si a agbata obi atọm. Fluoride na nke a isoelectronic inert gas (asatọ valence electrons) na ndị ya niile mpụga orbitals jupụtara. Na steeti a, fluorine bụ ihe ndị ọzọ ike.

The nkwadebe na ojiji nke halogens

Na ọdịdị, na halogens na-anion, otú ahụ free halogen na-emepụta site ọxịdashọn site electrolysis ma ọ bụ site oxidants. Ka ihe atụ, chlorine a N'ịbụ hydrolysis nke sodium chloride ngwọta. The ojiji nke halogens na ha iche iche ogige.

• Fluoride. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na fluorine bụ nnọọ reactive, ọ na-eji ọtụtụ ọrụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ bụ ihe bụ isi akụrụngwa nke polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) na ndị ọzọ fluoropolymers. Chlorofluorocarbons bụ organic ọgwụ na mbụ e ji mee ihe dị ka refrigerants na propellants na aerosols. Ha ngwa kwụsịrị ruru ha kwere omume mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ha na-anọchi hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Fluorine na-agbakwunyere asa ezé (SnF ₂₎ na mmiri ọṅụṅụ (NaF) iji gbochie ezé ure. The halogen na-ẹdude ke ụrọ iji na-emepụta ụdị ụfọdụ nke ceramik (LiF), eji na nuklia ike (UF ₆₎ iji nweta a fluoroquinolone ọgwụ nje, alumina (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ maka mkpuchi nke elu voltaji akụrụngwa (SF _6).
• Chlorine-ahụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ojiji. Ọ na-eji maka disinfection nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-egwu mmiri ọdọ mmiri. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) bụ isi akụrụngwa nke bleaching mmadụ. Hydrochloric acid na ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ na laboratories. Chlorine ugbu ke polyvinyl chloride (ịkwanyere) na ndị ọzọ Polymers na-eji maka mkpuchi wires, akpa na ngwá electronic. Ọzọkwa, chlorine a bara uru na-emepụta ọgwụ na ụlọ ọrụ. Ọgwụgwọ nwere chlorine, na-eji na-emeso na-efe efe, nke ahu anataghi na-arịa ọrịa shuga. Iche hydrochloride ụdị - a akụrụngwa nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ. Chlorine a na-eji na sterilaiz ụlọ ọgwụ na ngwá na disinfection. Na ugbo, chlorine bụ a akụrụngwa nke ọtụtụ azụmahịa ọgwụ ahụhụ DDT (dihlorodifeniltrihloretan) e ji mee ihe dị ka ihe na-akọ ugbo ụmụ ahụhụ, ma iji ya eme ihe na-kwụsịrị.

• Bromine, n'ihi na nke nonflammability, iji na inhibit combustion. Ọ na-e dere methyl bromide, a pesticide eji maka nchekwa nke kụrụ n'ubi na suppression nke bacteria. Otú ọ dị, oké ojiji nke methyl bromide e kwụsịrị n'ihi na nke mmetụta na ozone Layer. Bromine na-eji na mmepụta nke mmanụ ụgbọala, foto film, ọkụ emenyụ ọkụ, ọgwụ maka ọgwụgwọ nke oyi baa na ọrịa Alzheimer.
• Ayodiin ekere òkè dị mkpa na kwesịrị ekwesị ịrụ ọrụ nke thyroid gland. Ọ bụrụ na ahụ adịghị ezu ayodiin, na thyroid gland na-ụba. N'ihi mgbochi nke goiter ifịk halogen atụkwasịkwara table nnu. Ayodiin na-eji dị ka ihe antiseptik. Ayodiin na-ẹdude ke ngwọta na-eji maka adi-ọcha nke na-emeghe ọnyá na-na disinfecting sprays. Ọzọkwa, silver iodide dị mkpa na foto.
• Astatine - redioaktivu na obere ụwa halogen, otú ọzọ na-adịghị mee ihe. Ọ na-kweere na a mmewere nwere ike inyere iji ayodiin na ụkpụrụ nke thyroid homonụ.