Hydrogen Fluoride: e ji mara na ngwa

N'etiti halogen ogige - ọcha 7 iche iche nke isi subgroup nke oge usoro nke chemical ọcha D. I. Mendeleeva - oké bara uru bụ hydrogen Fluoride. Tinyere ndị ọzọ hydrogen halides, ọ na-eji dị iche iche alaka nke akụ na ụba mba: n'ihi fluorinated plastik, hydrofluoric acid na ya salts. Na nke a akwụkwọ anyị na-amụ na Ọdịdị nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, na anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke a umi na-atụle ya iji.

History of chọpụtara

Na narị afọ nke 17 K. Shvankvard nwere ahụmahụ na ịnweta fluorspar na acid sulphate. Ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na gas na-ghọrọ usoro n'oge mmeghachi omume nke malitere ịnapụ si iko efere, ekpuchi tube na reagent ngwakọta. Nke a gaseous compound bịara mara dị ka hydrogen Fluoride.

Hydrofluoric acid e nwetara 19 na narị afọ Gay Lussac si na otu akụrụngwa: fluorite na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Ampere ya nwere gosi na na Ọdịdị nke ahụ HF molekul bụ yiri hydrogen chloride. Ọ na-akọ okenye agbanwe agbanwe nke hydrogen halides. The iche iche metụtara ike asịd: hydrofluoric - adịghị ike, na chloride - siri ike.

nkịtị Njirimara

Gas na chemical usoro HF nwere a pungent e ji mara ísì ụtọ, colorless, ubé Mkpa ọkụ ka ikuku. N'etiti halides HI- HBr- HCl- esi ebe na-agbaze were were ịgbanwe, na Transition na HF sharply ụba. Nkọwa nke a onu na-agụnye molekụla hydrogen Fluoride forms enyi (ìgwè nke na-anọpụ iche ahụ, n'etiti nke e nwere hydrogen agbụ). Agbaji ha, ọzọ ume a chọrọ, otú ahụ esi na agbaze ihe abawanye. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gas njupụta na nso nso esi mgbe (19.5), hydrogen Fluoride emi esịnede aggregates na nkezi mejupụtara nke HF _2. Mgbe ewe iwe n'elu 25 ^{° C,} ndị a okụre na-akadiahade nwayọọ nwayọọ na na okpomọkụ nke ^banyere 90 ° C mejupụtara hydrogen Fluoride nke HF ụmụ irighiri.

Olee otú wepụ ftorgidrid

Ụzọ maka inweta bekee bụghị n'okpuru laabu ọnọdụ, nke anyị ekwuola, na ụlọ ọrụ, ọ dịghị iche n'etiti onwe ha: na reagents na-niile ahụ fluorspar (fluorite) na acid sulphate.

A ịnweta ego na-mere ndokwa na Primorye Zabaikalye, Mexico, USA, akpa mma site flotation, na mgbe na-eji na nkà na ụzụ na usoro nke HF, nke a rụrụ na pụrụ iche ígwè ite-ọku uku. Ha e boro ebubo na weere ore na acid sulphate. Atọkwu ore nwere 55-60% nke _fluorite. The mgbidi nke ọkụ agbakọta ụzọ Ibé akwụkwọ trapping hydrogen Fluoride. Nke a na-ọcha na asacha kọlụm na-mma na mgbe condensed. Iji nweta hydrogen Fluoride, rotary kilns na-eji, udiozi heatable site na ọkụ eletrik. Mass nta HF mmepụta bụ banyere 0.98, ma usoro nwere drawbacks. Ọ bụ nnọọ ogologo oge ma na-achọ a nnukwu oriri nke acid sulphate.

The polarity nke ụmụ irighiri HF

Anhydrous hydrogen Fluoride emi esịnede ahụ na-enwe ike eke agbụ ọ bụla ọzọ na ụdị aggregates. Nke a bụ n'ihi na esịtidem Ọdịdị nke ahụ molekul. N'etiti hydrogen na fluorine atọm, a siri ike chemical nkekọ, a na-akpọ pola covalent. Ọ na-anọchi anya general elektrọn ụzọ, gbanwere ka a ọzọ electronegative fluorine atọm. N'ihi ya ftorgidrida ụmụ irighiri na-pola na ndị nwere ụdị dipoles.

N'etiti ha e nwere electrostatic mma agha, nke na-eduga omume enyi. nkekọ ogologo n'etiti hydrogen na fluorine atọm bụ 92 nm, na ya ume bụ hà 42 King James Version / mol. Dị ka gaseous ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri umi ya mejupụtara a ngwakọta nke polymeric umu H ₂ F _2, H ₄ F _4.

chemical Njirimara

Anhydrous hydrogen Fluoride nwere ikike na-eme na salts nke carbonate, silicate, sulfide nitrite na asịd. Egosi oxidative Njirimara, HF Recovers n'elu ogige ka carbon dioxide, sịlịkọn tetrafluoride, hydrogen sulphide na nitric oxides. Otu okenye 40% HF ngwọta ebibi ihe, iko, na akpụkpọ anụ, roba, na-interacts na ụfọdụ oxides dị ka Cu ₂ O. Ngwaahịa a hụrụ free ọla kọpa, ọla kọpa Fluoride na mmiri. E nwere otu ìgwè nke bekee na nke HF anaghị azaghachi, e.g., arọ ọla, nakwa dị ka magnesium, ígwè, aluminum, nickel.

The okenye ihe ngwọta nke hydrogen Fluoride

Ọ nwere a aha na hydrofluoric acid a na-eji dị ka 40% na 72% ngwọta. Hydrogen Fluoride, e ji mara nke chemical Njirimara nke nke na-adabere na ya ịta, infinitely soluble n'ime mmiri. Na nke a, okpomọkụ na-eme nke na-akọwa usoro a ka exothermic. Dị ka a na-ajụ ike acid okenye HF meghachi omume na ọla (nnọchi mmeghachi omume). Kpụrụ nnu - fluorides -, na hydrogen a tọhapụrụ. Adịghị eme na hydrofluoric acid n'ezinụlọ ọla - platinum na gold, na-edu ndú. Acid passivates ya, i.e. Nleta a na-echebe film na a metal n'elu esịnede ihe unyi anaghị agbasa na-edu ndú Fluoride. The okenye HF ngwọta nwere ike ịnwe ígwè adịghị arsenic, sọlfọ dioxide, nke ikpe na-akpọ technical acid. Lekwasị 60% HF ngwọta dị oké mkpa organic sịntetik onwu. Ọ na-echekwara na plastic ma ọ bụ Teflon containers, na hydrofluoric acid tonnage ebuga na ígwè tankị.

Ọrụ nke hydrofluoric acid na aku na uba

A ngwọta nke hydrogen Fluoride eji maka mmepụta nke ammonium borofluoride, nke bụ a akụrụngwa nke agbanwe agbanwe oge na ferrous na nonferrous nkà mmụta banyere ígwè. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-eji na electrolysis usoro iji nweta ọcha boron. Hydrofluoric acid a na-eji na mmepụta kremneftoridov, dị ka ihe atụ Na ₂ SiF _6. Ọ na-eji na-emepụta ciment na enamels eguzogide ịnweta asịd.

Flyuaty enye ụlọ ihe waterproof Njirimara. Na usoro nke ha na ngwa bụ na ọ dị mkpa ịkpachara anya, n'ihi na ihe niile kremneftoridy awu. Otu okenye ihe ngwọta nke HF na-eji na mmepụta nke sịntetik n'ígwè. N'adịghị ka ịnweta, ha anọgide na-adị viscosity na-etolite a na-echebe film n'elu na-arụ ọrụ akụkụ, compressors, gearboxes, biarin ma na elu na na ala okpomọkụ. Nke dị oké mkpa bụ okenye hydrogen Fluoride na etching (matting) iko, dị ka nke ọma dị ka okporo ọkụ ụlọ ọrụ ebe ọ na-eji maka sịlịkọn etching.

Fluorine-nwere plastic

The kasị ewu ewu na nke a bụ Teflon (PTFE - 4). Ọ e meghere site na mberede. Organic mmiri ọgwụ Roy Plankett, aku njikọ freons, hụrụ na cylinders na gaseous ethylene cheteryhhloristym echekwara na abnormally ala okpomọkụ nke bụghị gas, dị ka a na-acha ọcha ntụ ntụ, kegriiz na aka. Ọ hụrụ na na elu nsogbu na ala okpomọkụ polymerized tetrafluoroethylene.

Mmeghari a mere ka e guzobere ọhụrụ plastik. E mesịa, a na-akpọ Teflon. O nwere magburu onwe okpomọkụ na oyi na-atụ ndị na-eguzogide. Teflon coatings na-ọma-eji na nri ụlọ ọrụ, chemical ụlọ ọrụ, ke imewe nke cookware na-abụghị osisi Njirimara. Ọbụna n'oge 70 ° ^C PTFE ngwaahịa - 4 anaghị ida ha Njirimara. Ọ bụ ihe na ahụkebe elu chemical inertness nke PTFE. Ọ na-adịghị bibiri na kọntaktị na ike ike bekee - alkalis na asịd. Nke a bụ nnọọ mkpa maka akụrụngwa na-eji na nkà na ụzụ na usoro nke nitrate na sulfate asịd, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide. Fluorocarbon polima nwere ike ịnwe ọzọ components - modifiers, dị ka iko ma ọ bụ ọla, nke mere na ha na-agbanwe ha Njirimara, dị ka ụba okpomọkụ-eguzogide ma na anwụ ngwa ngwa.

Dissociation nke hydrogen Fluoride

Tupu mgbe anyị kwuru na ụdị ike covalent nkekọ, ke adianade do, na ha onwe ha na-enwe ike na-akpakọrịta n'ime aggregates, akpụ hydrogen nkekọ na HF ụmụ irighiri. Ọ bụ ya mere hydrogen Fluoride nwere a ala ogo dissociation na-agụghị oké rapara na okenye ihe ngwọta na ion. Hydrofluoric acid bụ ike ọgwụgwụ ka chloride ma ọ bụ Bromine. Àgwà ndị a na-akọwa ịdị adị nke ya dissociation eguzogide, acid adianade salts, ebe ọ chloride ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ha dịghị ayodiin. The dissociation mgbe nile nke okenye hydrogen Fluoride ngwọta bụ 7x10 ^-4, nke na-egosi n'eziokwu na ya ngwọta bụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke undissociated ụmụ irighiri na akara ala ọdịnaya nke hydrogen na fluorine ion.

Olee otú ize ndụ ftorgidrid

Ọ ga-kwuru na-egbu egbu bụ ma gaseous na mmiri mmiri hydrogen Fluoride. umi Usoro - 0342. Hydrofluoric acid nwekwara nwere narcotic Njirimara. On ya mmetụta na ahụ mmadụ, anyị ga-elekwasị anya mgbe e mesịrị. The classifier a umi, nakwa dị ka anhydrous ftorgidrid, bụ na klas nke abụọ nke ihe ize ndụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi, na n'elu ihe nile, ike nke fluorine mfe edita. Karịsịa, a onwunwe bụ ìhè karịsịa na a compound dị ka hydrogen Fluoride, nke karịsịa elu Pozharovzryvoopasnost.

Mere chọpụta larịị nke hydrogen Fluoride na ikuku

Na ulo oru na mmepụta nke HF, enwetara site na fluorspar na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid kwere omume na ọnwụ nke ngwaahịa gas, nke di na nwunye n'ime ikuku. Cheta na hydrogen Fluoride (odachi klas nke - nke abụọ) - nsị dị elu umi na-achọ na-aga n'ihu n'ihe nke ya ịta. Na ulo oru umu anwuru nwere buru ibu nke na-emerụ na pụrụ ịdị ize ndụ ọgwụ, karịsịa nitrogen na oxides nke sọlfọ, sulphides nke arọ ọla na gaseous hydrogen halides. Otu n'ime ha a nnukwu hà na hydrogen Fluoride, nke MPC na ikuku bụ 0,005 mg / m ³ na okwu nke fluorine kwa ụbọchị. N'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na saịtị ebe e nwere drum ọkụ, karịa ime ịta (MPC) ga-0, 1 mg / m ^3.

Gas analyzers nke hydrogen Fluoride

Iji chọpụta ihe na-emerụ gas na nke ukwu tọhapụrụ n'ime ikuku, e nwere ndị pụrụ iche e ji atụ ngwá. N'ihi nchọpụta nke HF Alụlụụ iji photocolorimetric gas analyzers, nke na-eji dị ka filament oriọna na LEDs dị ka okporo ọkụ ìhè na isi mmalite photodiodes na phototransistors eje ozi dị ka photodetectors. Mkpebi siri ike nke hydrogen Fluoride mụụrụ ikuku ikuku na ọzọ infrared gas analyzers. Ha bụ ndị ezi mmetụta ọsọ ọsọ. HF ụmụ irighiri banye ogologo-efegharị efegharị radieshon na nso nke 1-15 microns. The ngwá mee iji chọpụta na-egbu egbu n'efu na ikuku na na na-arụ ọrụ nke ebe ulo oru ụlọ ọrụ, ofu oscillation ịta HF ma n'ime kwere ọnụego na otu oké njọ (technogenic ọdachi, ọrịa na nkà na ụzụ cycles n'ihi mmebi nke ike ọkọnọ na na. D.). Ọrụ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ thermoconductometric hydrogen Fluoride gas analyzers. Prom. ha ọdịiche dị anwuru dabeere HF thermal conductivity dabere na mejupụtara nke gaseous ngwakọta.

Ftorgidrida emerụ mmetụta ahụ mmadụ

Ka anhydrous hydrogen Fluoride ma ọ bụ hydrofluoric acid, nke ngwọta ya na mmiri, nke klas nke abụọ nke odachi. Karịsịa, ndị a ogige nwere adịghị mma mmetụta na mkpa usoro: obi, excretory, akụkụ okuku ume na, na akpụkpọ mucous membranes. The penetration nke bekee site na akpụkpọ-aga hụrụ na asymptomatic. The phenomena nke toxicity nwere ike na-egosipụta onwe na-esote ụbọchị, na ha na-chọpụtara nnukwu, ya bụ ulcerated anụ ahụ, anya mucosal n'elu òkè kpụrụ keloids. Lung anụ ahụ na-ebibi n'ihi necrotic lesion nke alveoli. The Fluoride ion tọrọ atọ na extracellular ọmụmụ, mgbe banye n'ime n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na ha na-ekekọta calcium na magnesium ahụ nke na-abanye mejupụtara nke akwara anụ ahụ, ọbara, ma gbasara akụrụ tubules - nephron owuwu. Ọ bụ ya mere karịsịa mkpa bụ ịkpachara anya na-achịkwa nke ọdịnaya nke gaseous hydrogen Fluoride na hydrofluoric acid Alụlụụ na ikuku.