Hypoeutectoid ígwè: Ọdịdị, Njirimara, mmepụta na ojiji nke

The ojiji nke carbon ígwè n'ọtụtụ ebe na-ewu na ụlọ ọrụ. The ìgwè nke na-akpọ technical ígwè nwere ọtụtụ uru ndị na-eduga na ụba arụmọrụ nke ọgwụgwụ ngwaahịa na aghụghọ. Yana kacha ike na iguzogide nrụgide, ndị dị otú ahụ alloys nwere mgbanwe, na-ike Njirimara. Karịsịa, pro-eutectoid ígwè, nke na-nwere a bukwanu pasent mejupụtara nke carbonaceous mixtures kpọrọ n'ihi na elu ductility. Ma, nke ahụ ọ bụghị ihe niile na-erite uru nke dịgasị iche iche nke elu-ike ígwè.

General ozi na alloy

The iche onwunwe nke nchara bụ ọnụnọ ke Ọdịdị nke pụrụ iche alloy na carbon adịghị. N'ezie, na carbon ọdịnaya na kpebisiri pro-eutectoid alloy. Ọ dị mkpa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti oge gboo na eutectoid na ledeburitic ígwè, nke nwere otutu na-emekarị ndị na-kọwara ụdị technical ígwè. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle na klas nke bughi ígwè, ndị alloy ga doevtektoidnyh emeso eutectoid, kama nwere a akụkụ nke doped ferrite na pearlite. The isi dị iche si a hypereutectoid carbon larịị ịbụ n'okpuru 0,8%. Uku a egosi na-enye ohere na-ezo aka full eutectoid ígwè. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-abụghị doevtektoida bụ a hypereutectoid ígwè, nke na mgbakwunye na nke perlite nwekwara adịghị abụọ carbides. N'ihi ya, e nwere isi ihe abụọ ihe na-ekwe ka igbunye hypoeutectoid alloys nke general otu eutectoid. Firstly, ọ bụ a dịtụ obere ọdịnaya nke carbon, na abuo, a pụrụ iche set nke adịghị nke dabeere ferrite.

n'ichepụta technology

N'ozuzu usoro pro-eutectoid ígwè n'ichepụta usoro yiri mmepụta nke ọzọ alloys. Nke ahụ bụ, iji ihe dị otu usoro, ma na ndị ọzọ nhazi. Special ntị hypoeutectoid ígwè na-achọ inweta na akụkụ nke ya kpọmkwem Ọdịdị. N'ihi na nke a technology metụtara iji hụ decomposition nke austenite na obi jụrụ ndabere. N'aka nke ya, na-austenite na-achọkwa na a ngwakọta esịnede otu ferrite na pearlite. Site kpo oku na obi jụrụ ọnụego ụkpụrụ Usoro nwere ike ịchịkwa dispersion nke mmako, nke n'ikpeazụ na-emetụta guzobe ụfọdụ arụmọrụ e ji mara ihe.

Otú ọ dị, carbon akụrụngwa nyere perlite anọgide na otu larịị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdi annealing nwere ike ime mgbanwe iji guzobe nke microstructure, na carbon ọdịnaya ga-n'ime 0,8%. An obligatory nzọụkwụ ke kpụworo a ígwè Ọdịdị na normalisation. Nke a na usoro a chọrọ maka optimizing fractional mkpụrụ nke otu austenite. Ndị ọzọ okwu, ferrite na perlite ahụ na-ebelata ka ezigbo size, nke ozokwa mma na oru na nke anụ ahụ e ji mara nke ígwè. Nke a bụ a mgbagwoju usoro nke a ọtụtụ kpo oku na-adabere na àgwà nke iwu. Ọ bụrụ na gafere na okpomọkụ, o nwere ike nke ọma ga-nyere na-abụghị mmetụta - amụba austenite mkpụrụ.

annealing ígwè

Annealing na-eme na-eji ọtụtụ ụzọ. A fundamentally dị iche iche technology zuru ezu na ezughị ezu annealing. Ke akpa idaha, e nwere ihe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ kpo oku na austenite mgbanwe okpomọkụ, mgbe nke ahụ normalisation a rụrụ site jụrụ. Ozugbo austenite ire ere. A, a full annealing nke steels emepụta mode 700-800 Celsius C. Okpomọkụ omume na a larịị dị nnọọ ferrite activates Filiks mmebi ọcha. The obi jụrụ ọnụego bụ nwekwara amenable ka ukpụhọde, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ọrụ pesonel nwere ike ịchịkwa ọkụ ulo ụzọ, na-emechi ma ọ bụ na-emeghe ya. New ụdị isothermal oku nwere ike na-akpaghị aka mepụta ngwa ngwa jụrụ, dị na a gaghị agara usoro.

Banyere soft annealing, ọ na-rụrụ site kpo oku na okpomọkụ n'elu 800 Celsius C. Otú ọ dị, e nwere oké njọ mgbochi oge retaining oké egwu okpomọkụ mmetụta. N'ihi nke a, e nwere a ele mmadụ anya n'ihu annealing, nke ferrite anaghị akwụsị. N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị tutu amama na a plurality nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu erughị eru ihe Ọdịdị. Gịnị mere mkpa a egwuregwu steels, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-adịghị mma nke anụ ahụ àgwà? N'ezie, ọ bụ na-ezughị ezu okpomọkụ omume na-enye ohere na-a adụ udidi. The ikpeazụ ihe nwere ike mkpa ọ bụghị na ọ bụla nke ebe ngwa, nke bụ ihe e ji mara maka carbon steels dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, kama ọ ga-adị mfe na-emepụta machined. Soft pro-eutectoid alloy enweghị akpan akpan ike amenable ọnwụ ma dị ọnụ ala-akwụ ụgwọ ke n'ichepụta usoro.

alloy normalisation

Mgbe firing abịa uzo nke elu okpomọkụ omume usoro. Igbunye normalisation ọrụ ma kpo oku. Ma ikpe ya bụ a thermal mmetụta na workpiece na nke okpomọkụ nwere ike gafere 1000 Celsius C. Ma site n'onwe ya normalisation doevtektoidnyh malitere ime mgbe ẹkụre okpomọkụ omume. Mgbe a na ogbo ya amalite obi jụrụ na ka ikuku na ọnọdụ na nke ikpughe emee mezue guzobere ezi austenite. Nke ahụ bụ, okpomọkụ bụ ụdị preparatory arụmọrụ tupu nēbute alloy na normalized ọnọdụ. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere kpọmkwem bughi mgbanwe, ọtụtụ mgbe ha na-na-owụt ke a ọnụ na size of ferrite na pearlite, nakwa dị ka na-amụba ha ekweghị ekwe. The ike àgwà nke ahụ na-ụba na arụmọrụ ka tụnyere na yiri àgwà, na-enweta annealing usoro.

Mgbe normalisation nwere ike a ga-agbaso site ọzọ okpomọkụ omume na a ogologo shutter ọsọ. Mgbe ahụ, preform na-mma, na a nzọụkwụ nwere ike rụrụ ke ụzọ dị iche iche. Endpoint hypoeutectoid nchara ma ọ bụ na-enyo na ikuku ma ọ bụ na oven na ngwa ngwa jụrụ. Dị ka omume na-egosi, ndị kasị elu-edu alloy a kpụrụ site n'ịrụzu a full normalisation of technology.

Okpomọkụ utịp ke alloy Ọdịdị

Nnyonye okpomọkụ na usoro nke na-akpụ ígwè Ọdịdị amalite na mgbanwe nke ferrite-cementite ka austenite uka. Na ndị ọzọ okwu, pearlite gaa haa ọtọ ngwakọta nke na-amalite na-aghọ a isi na-etolite a dị elu na ike ígwè. Na nzọụkwụ ọzọ nke kwes ikpughe obi tara mmiri ígwè ego n'anya Bibie nke ngafe ferrite. Dị ka e kwuworo, na-bụghị mgbe niile kpamkpam tufuo ya, dị ka na ihe banyere ezughị ezu annealing. Ma kpochapụwo doevtektoidnyh alloy ka na-agụnye mwepụ nke austenite akụrụngwa. The ọzọ ogbo bụ ugbua dị na-ebuli ndị mejupụtara nke ngụkọta oge na guzobe nke kachasị Ọdịdị. Nke ahụ bụ, na e nwere a Mbelata nke alloy ahụ na inweta nke ụba ike Njirimara.

Isothermal mgbanwe na a ngwakọta nke supercooled austenite nwere ike rụrụ ke iche iche ụdịdị na okpomọkụ na-etoju - nanị otu nke afọ nke akara ahụ technologist. Ọgụgụ kasị elu etiti oge na-adịgasị iche iche thermal mmetụta, na obi jụrụ ọnụego na t. D. Dabere na họrọ mode normalisation nwetara obi tara mmiri nchara na akpan akpan oru na nke anụ ahụ e ji mara. Ọ bụ na a ogbo nwekwara ohere ịjụ kpọmkwem na arụmọrụ Njirimara. A pụtara ìhè ihe atụ bụ alloy na a adụ udidi, n'ihi na oru oma n'ihu nhazi. Ma, ọtụtụ na-emepụta ka eduzi mkpa nke ọgwụgwụ onye ọrụ na ya chọrọ maka ihe ndị bụ isi oru na-arụ ọrụ e ji mara nke metal.

Ọdịdị ígwè

normalisation mode na okpomọkụ na 700 ° C na-akpata kpụworo Ọdịdị nke isi ga-ferrite na pearlite mkpụrụ. Site n'ụzọ, kama nke hypereutectoid ígwè nke ferrite Ọdịdị nwere a cementite. Na ụlọ okpomọkụ na a kwesịrị ikwu na-kwuru na ọdịnaya nke ngafe ferrite, n'agbanyeghị na-amụba a òkè nke carbon na-ebelata. Ọ dị mkpa ka mesie ya ike na Ọdịdị nke nchara na a obere ogo dabere na carbon ọdịnaya. O nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta enweghị mmetụta na nke omume nke isi mmiri na otu okpomọkụ na fọrọ nke nta niile lekwasị ke pearlite. N'ezie, maka perlite na nwere ike ikpebi na ọkwa nke carbon ngwakọta - emekarị a obere ibu.

Ọzọ na-akpali bughi nuance. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ahụ nke perlite na ferrite ndị nwere otu kpọmkwem nnukwu mpo. Nke a pụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu n'ime ndị a mmiri na a akpụ nwere ike ịchọpụta ihe ha na-arụ ngụkọta nke ebe. N'ihi ya na-amụ microsection n'elu. Dabere na mode na nke okpomọkụ na-emepụta pro-eutectoid ígwè, guzobere na fractional parameters austenite ahụ. Ma, ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta n'otu n'otu na guzobere pụrụ iche ụkpụrụ - ọzọ ihe na-anọgide na ọkọlọtọ ókè dị iche iche dị kwa.

Properties doevtektoidnoy ígwè

Nke a metal na-ezo aka nwayọọ ígwè, otú ahụ ka kpọmkwem arụmọrụ e ji mara ike ga-atụ anya ya. Ịpụta ihe ọ na-ekwu na ike e ji mara nke alloy budata tụfuru eutectoid. Nke a bụ n'ihi dị nnọọ ka iche iche na Ọdịdị. The eziokwu na doevtektoidnyh ọkwa ígwè nwere ngafe ígwè bụ usụhọde na ike analogs enwe ciment na bughi set. Nwere obere n'ihi nke a, nkà na ụzụ nke na-ewu oru-atụ aro iji ndị alloys na mmepụta nke nke e emejuputa kacha firing ọrụ na displacement nke ferrites.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere mma ahụkebe Njirimara nke a ihe onwunwe, mgbe ahụ, ha nọ ductility, iguzogide eke ndu usoro mbibi na na. D. Na nke a quenching doevtektoidnyh steels nwere ike tinye metal na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ atụmatụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ pụrụ ịbụ a akwa kwes-eguzogide, na enweghị susceptibility ka corrosion Filiks, nakwa dị ka a set nke na-echebe Njirimara nke ot ala carbon alloys.

Fields nke ngwa

N'agbanyeghị a nta ọnụ ke ike Njirimara n'ihi na metal nke klas nke ferritic steels, ihe a na-ekesa na dị iche iche ebe. Ihe atụ, na n'ibu injinịa etinyere akụkụ mere ígwè doevtektoidnyh. Ọzọ ihe na-eji elu ọkwa alloys, imewe nke nke e ji elu firing technology na normalisation. Ọzọkwa, na Ọdịdị nke pro-eutectoid nchara na a ala ọdịnaya nke ferrite na-enye ohere iji metal ke imewe nke ụlọ owuwu. Ọzọkwa, ọnụ na-eri nke ụfọdụ akara ule nke ígwè nke ụdị na-eme ka o kwe omume na ịgụ na ịrịba ego. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ke imewe nke ụlọ ihe na ígwè modul anaghị achọ elu ike ma na-achọ na-eyi ndị na-eguzogide na elasticity. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ dị nnọọ ezi ngwa doevtektoidnyh alloys.

mmepụta

Rụpụta, nkwadebe na ntọhapụ nke pro-eutectoid metal na Russia na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ achụmnta ego. Dị ka ihe atụ, Ural osisi nonferrous ọla (UZTSM) manufactures ọtụtụ akara ule nke ígwè nke ụdị, àjà onye ọrụ a dị iche iche set nke teknuzu na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara. Ural Steel osisi na-amị ferrite ígwè, nke nwere elu-edu alloy mmiri. Ke adianade do, ihe agwaogwa nke dị mgbanwe pụrụ iche alloys, gụnyere superalloys, na elu-chromium igwe anaghị agba ígwè.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi na-emepụta nwere ike mata, na ụlọ ọrụ "Metalloinvest". Na ụlọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ dị bughi ígwè na doevtektoidnoy Ọdịdị, e mere maka iji na-ewu. N'oge, ígwè mills osisi na-arụ ọrụ na ọhụrụ ụkpụrụ, nke na-enye ohere ka mma a na-adịghị ike ntụpọ na ferrite alloys - ike e ji mara. Karịsịa, technology ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ iji meziwanye nchegbu osisi ike na-akpata, na-ebuli ike na-eguzogide ndị ike ọgwụgwụ arụmọrụ. Nke a na-enye ohere anyị na-enye alloys nta nzube.

ọgwụgwụ

E nwere ọtụtụ oru na arụmọrụ Njirimara nke ulo oru na-ewu ụlọ ọla, nke na-dị oké mkpa na mgbe nile mma. Otú ọ dị, dị ka mgbagwoju anya nke owuwu na Filiks iputa, na ọhụrụ a chọrọ maka ngwaike components. Na nke a, a na-egbuke egbuke-egosipụta onwe ya pro-eutectoid ígwè, nke dị iche iche na-elekwasị anya arụmọrụ. The ojiji nke a metal na-adịghị n'onye ezi omume n'ebe ndị dị mkpa item na otutu ultra-elu arụmọrụ, na n'ọnọdụ ndị na-achọ pụrụ iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ tent nke dị iche iche Njirimara. Na nke a na-metal egosi otu ihe atụ nke a Nchikota mgbanwe na ductility na ezigbo mmetụta na-eguzogide ma na isi na-echebe àgwà ahụkarị nke kasị carbon alloys.