Ji Zapolskaya truce - a udo nkwekorita n'etiti Commonwealth na Russian alaeze

Russia na Poland nwere busoro agha na onye ọ bụla ọzọ ọtụtụ narị afọ. Otu n'ime ndị a esemokwu kemgbe ihe akụkụ nke Livonian War, n'oge nke Baltic States chere ihu ọdịmma nke ọtụtụ na-ekwu.

Olee otú Livonian War

Na 1558, Russian Tsar Ivan egwu wakporo ókèala ndị Livonian Order. Ọ chọrọ iji nweta Baltic anāchi achi nke dị n'ókèala n'oge Estonia na Latvia. Anyị bi n'ebe a n'iru ndi mba ọzọ, na nke Iri na Atọ na narị afọ, ndị Agha Ntụte rutere ebe a Katọlik. Ha tọrọ ntọala Livonian Order, wuru Riga na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ewusiri ike.

The Agha Ntụte buso infidels na na natara ikike si Pope. Iji ndị, na ha chere, àgwà na Orthodox, bụ ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ụtụ ahụ Golden Horde. Ya mere, na Livonian knight agha Alexander Nevsky. N'ọdịnihu, ogu aghọwo a na-adịgide adịgide na etre naanị na okwu nke a truce.

Site na oge m malitere chịrị Grozny, Russia n'otu gburugburu Moscow, tụbara kwụsịrị Tatar yoke, na ọbụna malitere a ọma mgbasa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ (na kpọọ nke Kazan na Astrakhan). Ivan IV kweere na ebelatawo Livonian Order ike na-enye dị oké njọ na-eguzogide.

The akpa oge nke agha ahụ gara nke ọma n'ezie n'ihi na Russia. Voivod eze weghaara Dorpat, Narva na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ isi obodo. Nke ahụ niile gbanwere mgbe ha gbara agbata obi ike na-esonyekwa n'esemokwu ahụ. Ọ bụ Sweden, Rzeczpospolita (na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'otu nke Poland na Lithuania), na Denmark (ka a nta ruo n'ókè). Site na oge na tara chọpụtara na ya na-ata ike ọnọdụ dịpụrụ adịpụ.

Mbelata nke mmụọ ịlụ ọgụ mba

O sina dị, ihe karịrị ọtụtụ afọ nke agha o so a nwa oge unen ke see na Poland na Lithuania. Ya mere, na 1564 Russian agha meriri Polotsk (obodo, nke bụkwa tara nwere ikike dị ka Rurik). Ma mgbe ahụ, soro merie Agha nke Chashniki.

Mba ọzọ amụma ọdịda so site ụjọ Russia. Mgbe omimi ọnwụ nke mbụ ya na nwunye nke Ivan Grozny ọ malitere-enyo anyị enyo na mmekọrita ha gburugburu. Inyo na egwu nye mere ka ọchịchị aka ike. Mgbe ke Moscow, ibu na-ekpo ọkụ skillet ahụhụ site gọvanọ, ndị agha merie mgbe e meriri.

N'ikpeazụ na 1577, e wee tinye azụ Polotsk, na Swedes weghaara Narva. Ọ bụ naanị ekele heroism nke ndị mmadụ na-eguzogide na jisiri ịkwụsị mba ọzọ aka. Ogwe osisi na 1581-1582 gg. unsuccessfully precipitated Pskov na Swedish dara n'okpuru akụ. The agha ama afọ 24, na depletion nke mba dị mkpa udo.

Mejupụtara nke ndị nnọchianya bụ

Best of niile ji Zapolskaya truce na mkparita uka na-ekere ke memoirs nke Antonio Possevino. Ọ bụ a Jesuit na ahụmahụ diplomaati. Ọ na-anọchi anya na-ebute ọdịmma nke Catholic Church na mkparita uka n'etiti Poland na Russia. Ke adianade do, ọ bụkwa ọkà odeakwụkwọ, ma nwee ike ibuga niile nkọwa nke a dị mgbagwoju usoro.

Mkparịta ụka malitere December 13, 1581. Na ebe a họọrọ a ebe a kilomita ole na ole site Zapolskoho n'Olulu (ya mere aha). Ọ bụ nso mbụ ókè nso Russian obodo nke Pskov, nke ka na-na nso nso a nọchibido ya Polish King Stefan Batory. Ji Zapolskiy udo e mere na gburugburu na-adịbeghị anya agha na saịtị.

Ọ dịghị onye nke eze na-aga okwu. Ha ọdịmma na-anọchi anya ọtụtụ-ekwuchitere mba. Site okporo osisi Lithuanians rutere Braslavsky gọvanọ Janusz Zbarazhsky, Niasvizh na Prince Albrecht olyksky Radzvill na odeakwụkwọ Miail Garaburda. Ivan Grozny nwekwara adịghị stint na Parliamentarians. Ha Kashinskij Governor Dmitry Eletskii, Kozelskiy gọvanọ Roman Alferov na ukochukwu Nikita Vereshchagin. Ji Zapolskaya truce e kwubiri bụ onye ogbugbo ya hotara na mbụ Jesuit Antonio Possevino.

Ohere na Livonia

Mkparịta ụka ahụ gara n'ihu ruo ihe a ọnwa. N'ikpeazụ, January 15, 1582 e banyere ji Zapolskaya truce. Ya na ọnọdụ ndị siri ike maka Russia, ma na zuru nlere a wetara eziokwu.

Ivan IV jụrụ niile na obodo ndị o meriri na Livonia. O nwere ọtụtụ nke ulo-agha dị iche iche nha. Ebe a na-dị nnọọ a obere ndepụta ihe atụ: kwughachiri Alista, Volodymyrets, Dorpat, Krutsborg, ugwo, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, wdg Ọtụtụ n'ime aha ndị a aghọọla historicism ... Ugbu a ndị a na obodo nta nwetara ebe aha obodo na nke mba asụsụ - Latvian na Estonian. The fọdụrụnụ nke Livonia n'oge ahụ e ji site Sweden (ya nkwekọrịta e banyere a afọ mgbe e mesịrị).

Ndị ọzọ okwu nke nkwekọrịta

Ke adianade do, ji Zapolskaya truce stipulates akara aka nke obodo, nke n'oge dị iche iche e weghaara Ivanom Groznym na Grand Duchy nke Lithuania. Ha Velizh na Polotsk. Russian eze jụrụ ha (ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ nanị a iwu, ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ahụ ha na-meriri site Stefan Batory).

Polish eze kwetara laghachi n'obodo, nke o weghaara na Russia. Ọ bụ Great Luke Hill, Nevel na Zavolochye. Ji Zapolskiy ụwa nwere isiokwu na nke kwughachiri azụ na Pskov obi, nwere n'oge ikpeazụ nnọchibido.

Land na e weghaara na Livonia Sweden na oge nke ịbanye akwụkwọ, na-ekwe n'aka akwụkwọ. O sina dị, okporo osisi mere a na nkwupụta na ha na-ekwu na ndị a na n'ókèala. Ya mere a ikwere e kwubiri ji Zapolskaya truce. The ụbọchị nke ya bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado napụrụ na mmalite nke akwụkwọ.

Akara aka nke truce

N'agbanyeghị nke a, onye ọ bụla ghọtara na nke a bụ naanị a respite, na hostilities kwụsịrị n'ihi na a mgbe. Ji Zapolskaya truce na Poland mewo atụmatụ maka oge nke 10 afọ. N'ọdịnihu, ọ ga-akp. History egosiwo na nkwekọrịta nọgidere ugbu a ruo mgbe Time of oj oo na Russia. Mgbe Ivan Grozny nwụrụ, nwa ya Theodore na ihe niile nke ha na-anọchi, na Rurik usoro ndị eze mkpirikpi. Malite nke ndị agha dị n'etiti ndị boyars iche iche na-ekwu na ikike.

N'otu oge ahụ nke Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth bịara nduhie nke kpọrọ onwe ya a lanarịrị Tsarevich Dmitry - nwa Ivana Groznogo, bụ onye nwụrụ a nwa Uglich na 1591. Onye njem aha ya bụ Grigoriem Otrepevym. Ọ bụ a na-agba ọsọ mọnk. Ọ na-akwado site na Polish eze, onye ọ wakporo Russia, nke imebi ji Zapolskaya truce. Year ọ nọchigide Smolensk, na mgbe ahụ na nkenke nwere Moscow. Na njedebe, mba Russian agha chụpụrụ okporo osisi, na boyars họọrọ eze Mikhail Romanov, onye ghọrọ nchoputa nke a ọhụrụ eze usoro ndị eze chịrị narị afọ atọ.