Paris ụwa, ya na ọnọdụ na-arụpụta

The akụkọ bụ agadi, ọ bụ ama karịa otu na ọkara narị afọ, ma ebe aha na mba, okwu nke nke bụ apụghị izere ezere na-eweta ya ibé ime ka ụfọdụ na-akpakọrịta na modernity. Crimea, Turkey, Russia, France, Britain - na-eme ka ihe ndị mere tupu na-emepe emepe na n'etiti XIX narị afọ. All agha kwụsị n'udo, ọbụna ogologo na ọbara. Ajụjụ ọzọ bụ otú okwu ndị bara uru mba ụfọdụ na-emenye ihere ndị ọzọ. Peace nke Paris bụ n'ihi nke Crimea War, busoro megide Russian nkwonkwo agha nke France, Great Britain na Turkey.

Nga agha ọnọdụ

Ke ufọt ufọt na narị afọ, Europe nwetara a oké njọ nsogbu. National mmegharị ke Austria na Prussia, pụrụ iduga disintegration ndị a na-ekwu, na ije nke ala ma ida nke ndị ọchịchị n'ọzọ. Iji nyere ndị Austrian Emperor Russian Tsar Nicholas m zitere ndị agha, nke bụ ime ka iku ọnọdụ ahụ. O yiri ka nke a ogologo oge a ga-enwe udo, ma ọ gbanwere.

The revolutionary ije pụta na Wallachia na Moldavia. Mgbe abanye Russian na Turkish agha na ebe ndị a, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke esemokwu n'elu ókè nke protectorates, ikike nke okpukpe obodo na Holy Places, nke n'ikpeazụ pụtara na esemokwu banyere ngalaba nke mmetụta nke ike, n'akụkụ aka Black Sea efere. Na ya, na mgbakwunye na nke na-echegbu isi mba ndị aka na mba ndị ọzọ, na-achọghị ida ya geopolitical uru - France, Britain na Prussia (ngwa ngwa na-echefu banyere ekele maka ebube na nzọpụta nke ha eze). The Russian mbon, gawa site na Prince. Menshikov egosighị ndị dị mkpa ogo diplomacy, na-etinye otu iwu na-adịghị ọbọ utịp, ekpe Constantinople. Ná mmalite June, mbuso agha mere puku mmadụ iri anọ Russian agha ke-isi. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke fleets nke France na Britain ẹkenịmde ha warships site Dardanelles, bụ Turkey agha enyemaka. On November 30 a skwodron n'okpuru iwu nke Ushakov ulo oru a preemptive iku na Turkish naval agha Sinop, na Western ike kpọmkwem batara na esemokwu, nke bụ a mberede ka Nicholas I. N'adịghị ka na-atụ anya, na-Turkish agha bụ kwadebere nke ọma. Na 1854, Crimea War.

agha

Ẹda ala agha Russia, na Western ike iyi a ize ndụ azụmahịa (na ebe nchekwa bụ ka ọhụrụ Napoleonic mkpọsa), na a usoro atụmatụ bụ na iji tie na ọtụtụ ngwangwa ntụpọ - na Crimea, na-ewere uru nke naval agha. N'aka nke Anglo-Franco-Turkish mmekota egwuri agụghị oké mepere iga akụrụngwa na-ejikọ ndị dịịrị banye na mmiri na bibikwara ógbè na ịghọta na ọkọnọ nke agha na ọkọnọ nke reinforcements. The ebe aghọwo Yevpatoria ọdịda, mgbe ahụ, e nwere a dị oké njọ na-enwe nsogbu na na Alma River. Ọ tụgharịrị na Russian agha na-adịghị mma a kwadebere maka agha, na akụkụ nke ogwe aka, na usoro nke ọzụzụ. Ha nwere agbahapụ na Sevastopol, ebe Nnọchibido ahụ were a afọ. Na ọnọdụ nke a enweghị mgbọ, nri na ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ nke Russian iwu ike iru a na-azara ọnụ obodo na a obere oge na-ewu a ihe e wusiri ike (mbụ n'ala ha fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụghị). Ka ọ dịgodị, ndị agha nke Western jikọrọ aka na-arịa ọrịa na daring ọgụ agbachitere Sevastopol. Dị ka e kwuru e mesịrị, ndị negotiators, ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Treaty nke Paris ẹkenịmde na òkè nke-apụghị ịhụ anya Admiral Nakhimov, a dike bụ ndị nwụrụ n'oge na-agbachitere nke obodo.

udo okwu

Mee elu mee ala, Russia na -alụ Agha Crimea, ahụhụ a agha mmeri. Na 1855, n'oge agbachitere Sevastopol, nwụrụ Emperor Nicholas m, na ihe ịga nke ọma site Alexander II. The ọhụrụ eze doro anya na-alụ ọgụ, n'agbanyeghị amamiihe Mmeri ke Asia nkiri, mepụtara na-adịghị mma maka Russia. Ọnwụ nke Kornilov na Nakhimov n'ezie decapitated iwu, n'ihu njigide nke obodo na-mfịna. Na 1856, Sevastopol e nwere site na agha nke Western mmekota. Ndị ndú nke Britain, France na Turkey mere a draft nkwekọrịta mejupụtara anọ ihe, nke e kuchiri site Alexander II. nkwekọrịta onwe ya, mara dị ka "Udo nke Paris", e banyere on 30 March 1856. Ọ ga-kwuru na-emeri mba, ike agwụ site a ogologo agha, dị nnọọ oké ọnụ, na ọbara, na-elekọta nke a nabata ya Russian niile. Tom mee ka mmeri omume nke anyị agha na-Asian nkiri, akpan akpan ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe a batara nke ebe ewusiri ike nke Kars. Okwu nke Treaty nke Paris na akpa ebe metụtara mmekọahụ Turkey, nke e weere iji hụ na ikike nke Kraịst bi n'ókèala, nnọpụiche nke Black Sea mmiri ebe, n'efu ya amara abụọ na narị abụọ square kilomita nke n'ókèala na inviolability nke ókè-ala.

Udo Black Sea

Ke akpa ilekiri ọ dị na-achọ ka demilitarization nke Black Sea n'ụsọ oké osimiri iji zere n'ihu agha dị n'etiti mba abụọ n'ezie nyere aka iwusi Turkey ọkwá na mpaghara, dị ka Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman doputa ikike nwere a nsoro na Mediterranean na Sea of Marmara. Paris ụwa-gụnyere ngwa (nzuko) banyere ihe isi ike, site na nke ọ gaghị ekwe omume ruo mba ọzọ warships na peacetime.

Ọgwụgwụ nke usoro nke Paris udo

Ọ bụla agha mmeri-edu ndú ka nke gbochiri emecha merie ohere. Paris ụwa na-adịgide adịgide gbanwere itule ike na Europe, kpụrụ mgbe bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Vienna treatises (1815), na na-na ihu ọma nke Russia. War n'ozuzu kpugheere ọtụtụ-adịghị emezi emezi na flaws na nzukọ nke ndị agha na agha mmiri ụlọ, apostle Russia ọchịchị na-eduzi a usoro nke mgbanwe. Mgbe ọzọ, nke a oge na-enwe mmeri, na Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878) niile ihe mgbochi nke ọbụbụeze na territorial weere na-dechapụ. Ya mere biri ya edinam Paris ụwa. 1878-nke bụ ụbọchị nke bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Treaty nke Berlin, weghachiri mpaghara dominance nke Russia na Black Sea.