Krypton - a chemical mmewere. usoro krypton

On anyị planet dị a plurality nke dị iche iche ogige, organic na ịnweta bekee. Ya mere, a nwoke n'ihu ọha, synthesized ma na-eji ihe karịrị ọkara nde owuwu nke organic ụwa na ndị ọzọ karịa 500,000 n'èzí ya. Na onye ọ bụla n'afọ a ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-eto eto, dị ka mmepe nke chemical ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị ada ka, mba dị ike na-emepe emepe ma na-akwalite ya.

Ma ihe ijuanya na ọbụna na. Na eziokwu na ihe niile a dịgasị iche iche nke bekee wuru niile nke 118 chemical ọcha. Nke ahụ bụ n'ezie oké! Oge usoro nke chemical ọcha bụ ntọala, nke graphically egosiputa di iche iche nke organic na inorganic ụwa.

Nhazi ọkwa nke chemical ọcha

E nwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ gradation data owuwu. N'ihi ya, oge table na onwu dabere kewara abụọ dị iche iche:

• Metal ọcha (ọtụtụ);
• nonmetals (ala akụkụ).

Ebe mbụ elu ọcha dị n'okpuru notional diagonal ókè-ala si boron na astatine, na nke abụọ - ndị n'elu. Otú ọ dị, e nwere wezụga a nhazi ọkwa, ihe atụ, tin (dị alpha- na beta-ụdị, otu onye nke - metal, na ndị ọzọ - a nonmetal). Ya mere, ndị dị otú ahụ a variant akpọ nkewa ike kpamkpam mma.

Ọzọkwa na oge usoro nke chemical ọcha nwere ike nkewa dị ka Njirimara nke ikpeazụ.

1. Inwe isi Njirimara (mbenata) - ahụkarị ọla, na ihe nke isi otu 1.2 otu (ewepu beryllium).
2. Inwe acidic Njirimara (oxidants) - ahụkarị nonmetals. 6.7 Ihe nke isi dị iche iche, sub-iche iche.
3. Amphoteric Njirimara (sọrọ) - niile ọla na sub-iche iche nke ụfọdụ n'ime n'elu.
4. Ọcha, nonmetals, ma na-egosipụta onwe ha dị ka mbenata elekọta mmadụ na dị ka oxidants (dabere na mmeghachi omume ọnọdụ).

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ otú na-amụ chemical ọcha. 8 ọkwa akwụkwọ e bu n'obi na-amụ niile owuwu echeta agwa aha na pronunciation na Russian. Nke a bụ a dị mkpa maka a eru ịmụta onwu n'ọdịnihu, ndabere nke ihe niile. Oge table na onwu bụ mgbe na ubi nke na-ele ụmụ, ma mara na ọtụtụ nkịtị na reactivity nke ha ka kwesịrị ịdị.

A pụrụ iche ìgwè na usoro na-ewe nke asatọ. The ọcha nke isi subgroup na-akpọ magburu - magburu onwe - gas maka ha dechara electronic shells na, dị ka a na ya pụta, ala chemical reactivity. Otu n'ime ha - krypton, a chemical mmewere na ọnụ ọgụgụ 36 - ga-atụle site na anyị na zuru ezu. The ike nke ndị ọrụ ibe ya na tebụl na-magburu onwe gas na-eji ọtụtụ ebe mmadụ.

Krypton - a chemical mmewere

Nke a bi oge System bụ nke-anọ oge, nke-asatọ otu, isi subgroups. Serial nọmba, na ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons na nuclear-elekọta (nọmba nke protons) = 36. Site na nke a anyị nwere ike ikwubi na ihe ga-electronic usoro nke krypton. Dee ya: _{+ 36} Kr 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3S 3p ⁶ 4s ² 4p ^{10 6} 3d.

N'ụzọ doro anya, mpụga ike larịị nke atọm na-aruzu. Nke a na-ekpebi nnọọ ala reactivity nke a mmewere. Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ o ejisie ịbanye ike ụfọdụ Jeremaya mere a ufọk ufene gas dị ka krypton. Chemical mmewere, ma ọ bụ kama, ka ọnọdụ ya usoro, electronic Ọdịdị, na-ekwe ka iji nweta ihe ọzọ dị mkpa e ji mara nke atọm: valence. Nke ahụ bụ, ike na-etolite chemical agbụ.

-Emekarị ka anyị na-ekwu na ọ fọrọ nke nta mgbe niile n'ihi ndị na-abụghị obi ụtọ ala nke atọm bụ hà otu nọmba, nke ọ na-emi odude (ọ bụrụ na ị gụọ site ndị mbụ na-anọ n'usoro, na mgbe ahụ na-aghọkwa ndị Anglịkan, 1234321). Otú ọ dị, valence nke krypton a kpuchie adịghị dabara, n'ihi na ọ dịghị ọzọ ume posts, ie enweghị excitation nke atọm, ọ na-adịkarị bụ kpam kpam inert na ya valence nke efu.

Ọ bụrụ na o mezuo ya excitation atọm, na electrons pụrụ ịkpali ejikọ-na-agbasa na free 4D orbital. N'ihi ya, o kwere omume valence krypton: 2,4,6. Ọxịdashọn ala kwekọrọ + (+ 2, + 4, + 6).

History of chọpụtara

Mgbe ọ chọpụtara nke inert, haruru - argon na 1894, helium na 1985 - ịkọ ma na-egosi na o na nke ịdị adị na ọdịdị ọzọ mfe, haruru maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-abụghị. The isi mgbalị a direction dọgburu William Ramsay, onye chọpụtara argon. Ọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi kweere na na ikuku e nwere inert, haruru, ma ha nọmba bụ otú na-adịghị mkpa na Usoro-apụghị idozi ha.

Ya mere, ọ ga-emepe mmewere krypton bụ naanị afọ ole na ole. Na 1898, na ikuku bụ dịpụrụ adịpụ Neon gas, na mgbe ya, na ndị ọzọ inert compound na bụ ike nke na-achọta na-akpa iche, e kpebiri na aha krypton. Mgbe niile, na Grik "Kryptos" pụtara zoro ezo.

ya nwere ike ahụrụ ruo ogologo oge, ọ bụ nnọọ ike. Ọ na-egosi eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'otu cubic mita nke ikuku nwere otu milliliter nke gas. Nke ahụ bụ, ego bụ ihe na-erughị a timbul! Na na ọ bụ ike na-enyocha umi, ọ were otu narị cubic sentimita nke mmiri mmiri na ikuku. Ọ dabara nke ọma, n'oge a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ike ịzụlite ụzọ na-amị na liquefying ikuku na nnukwu quantities. Ndị dị otú ahụ a uzo nke ihe na-ekwe ka na-enweta ihe ịga nke ọma na nchọpụta nke W. Ramsay mmewere krypton.

Spectroscopic data enen nke mbido Nchoputa nke a ọhụrụ umi. "Zoro Ezo" gas nwere a kpam kpam ọhụrụ akara na ụdịdị dị iche iche, nke bụ na ihe ọ bụla na njikọ n'oge ahụ.

Kpụrụ mfe umi na ya usoro bụ

Ọ bụrụ na krypton - a chemical mmewere nke na inert gas, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche na ọ ga-a mfe obodo ụmụ irighiri. Ọ bụ. Simple umi krypton - Kr gas na monohydric ekwu. -Emekarị ka anyị na-agba nkịtị na-ahụ, haruru na index "2" ihe atụ, O _2, H _2, na na. Ma nke a mmewere bụ dị iche iche n'ihi na nke nke a na ezinụlọ nke nējide onwe-gas na zuru ezu elektrọn shei nke atọm.

nkịtị Njirimara

Dị ka ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ogige ke a na-nwere ya nke e ji mara. Ndị na-esonụ anụ ahụ Njirimara nke krypton.

1. Oké gas - ugboro atọ ukwuu karịa ikuku.
2. Ọ dịghị uto.
3. Colorless.
4. Odorless.
5. Esi ebe -152 ⁰ C.
6. The njupụta nke umi na nkịtị ọnọdụ, 3,74 g / l.
7. Agbaze ebe -157.3 ⁰ C.
8. elu ionization ume bụ 14 eV.
9. Electronegativity bụkwa ezi elu - 2.6.
10. Soluble na benzene, ubé na mmiri. Na-amụba okpomọkụ na solubility nke ọmụmụ mbelata. Ọzọkwa weere na ethanol.
11. Na ụlọ okpomọkụ, na ọ nwere a permittivity.

N'ihi ya, krypton gas nwere zuru ezu e ji mara na-eme na ya na-bara uru n'ihi ya onye Njirimara.

chemical Njirimara

Ọ bụrụ na nyefe krypton (gas) na ihe siri ike kwuo, ọ crystallizes na gbasara ohere granetsentricheskuyu cubic lattice. Na steeti a, ọ bụ na-enwe ike ịbanye n'ime chemical Jeremaya mere. Ha dị ole na ole, ma adị.

E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke ihe, nke e nwetara na ndabere nke krypton.

1. Ọ Nleta clathrates mmiri: ^Kr. 5,75N ₂ O.

2. Bụla ha na organic bekee:

• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H, OH;
• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H ₅ Kra _3;
• ^2Kr. CCl _^4. 17H ₂ O;
• ^2Kr. CHCL _^3. 17H ₂ O;
• ^2Kr. _{(CH3) 2} ^CO. 17H ₂ O;
• 0,75 ^Kr. LC ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.

3. Na oké ọnọdụ nwere ike na-eme na fluorine, na-oxidized. N'ihi ya, na a reagent nke usoro krypton ewe n'ụdị: KrF _2, ma ọ bụ krypton difluoride. Ogo ọxịdashọn na compound 2.

4. Dịtụ nso nso a ike synthesize a compound nke na-agụnye njikọ n'etiti krypton na oxygen: Kr-O (Kr (OTeF _{5) 2).}

5. Finland ka nwetara ihe na-akpali mix nke krypton na acetylene akpọ gidrokriptoatsetilen: HKrC≡CH.

6. krypton Fluoride (4) bu kwa a KrF _4. Mgbe etisasịwo mmiri, compound ike nke na-akpụ a na-adịghị ike na-ejighị n'aka krypton acid, nke na-mara na site barium nnu: BaKrO _4.

7. The usoro nke krypton na njikọ mere site na ya difluoride, anya dị ka nke a:

• KrF ⁺ SbF ₆ ^-;
• Kr ₂ F ₃ ⁺ auf ₆ ^-.

N'ihi ya, ọ na-egosi na, n'agbanyeghị na chemical inertness, a gas ngosi mbenata Njirimara na nwere ike ịbanye chemical mmekọrịta nnọọ tiri ọnọdụ. Nke a na-enye chemists n'ụwa nile na green ìhè-ekwe omume nke na-enyocha ndị "zoro ezo" ikuku akụrụngwa. Ọ bụ omume na ọhụrụ ogige chọta obosara ngwa technology na ụlọ ọrụ ga-adịghị anya a ga synthesized.

Mkpebi siri ike nke gas

E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nke ịchọpụta na gas:

• chromatography;
• spectroscopy;
• absorption analysis ụzọ.

E nwere ihe ole na ole ọcha kpebisiri ike site n'otu ụzọ, ha na-enịm a oge table. Krypton, xenon, radon - kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ karịsịa nke nējide onwe-gas na kasị ike. Ya mere, iji chọpụta ha na-chọrọ ndị dị otú ahụ mgbagwoju physico-chemical ụzọ.

Ụzọ maka nkwadebe

Isi otú nweta - a nhazi mmiri mmiri ikuku. Ma n'ihi ala quantitative ọdịnaya nke krypton ọ dị mkpa iji hazie ọtụtụ nde cubic mita n'ihi na mmepụta nke a obere ego nke a magburu onwe gas. The dum usoro na-ewe ebe na atọ.

1. ikuku ọgwụgwọ na pụrụ iche ikuku nkewa ogidi. N'ihi ya, ọ a nkewa nke ngụkọta eruba nke bekee na arọ nta - ngwakọta nke hydrocarbon na magburu gas na mmiri mmiri oxygen, nakwa dị ka Mkpa ọkụ - ọtụtụ ọcha, haruru. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-agbawa agbawa bekee, na kọlụm nwere a pụrụ iche tinyekwa sooks, site na nke ugboro iche kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ karịsịa mmiri. N'etiti ha, krypton. Na ụzọ ọpụpụ, ọ na-atụkwasị ebibi site mba ọzọ okwu. Iji nweta a dị ọcha ngwaahịa, ọ kwesịrị ka a n'ihu doro a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kpọmkwem chemical agwọ ọrịa pụrụ iche solvents.
2. Mgbe a na ogbo, a ngwakọta nke krypton na xenon, metọọ hydrocarbons. Maka nhicha iji pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ nke ọxịdashọn na adsorption nke ngwakọta kpochapụ ọtụtụ achọghị components. Na nke a na ngwakọta na ya na-anọgide ekewaghi magburu, haruru ọnụ. Ọzọkwa, dum usoro na-ewe ebe n'okpuru elu nsogbu, na-eme mgbanwe gas na mmiri mmiri ala.
3. Na ikpeazụ ogbo nke nkewa ga-abụ ndị ikpeazụ gas ngwakọta iji nweta a karịsịa elu-adị ọcha nke krypton na xenon. N'ihi na nke a pụrụ iche iche echichi e, nyochawa zuru okè n'ihi na usoro a. N'ihi bụ a elu àgwà ngwaahịa n'ụdị gaseous krypton.

-Akpali mmasị, ihe nile nke kọwara Filiks nwere ike cyclic, na-enweghị nkwụsị mmepụta ma ọ bụrụ na ndị feedstock - ikuku - a napụtara kwesịrị ekwesị ego. Nke a na-enye ohere maka njikọ nke nējide onwe-enweta ụdị, gụnyere krypton, na nnọọ nnukwu ulo oru n'ike.

Nchekwa na iga nke ngwaahịa na-ewe ebe pụrụ iche metal containers na nke kwesịrị ekwesị e dere. Ha na-enwe nsogbu, na nchekwa okpomọkụ adịghị gafere 20 ⁰ C.

Ọdịnaya na ọdịdị

N'okpuru eke ọnọdụ, n'ebe na-adịghị nnọọ ihe mmewere krypton, na ya isotopes. Na ngụkọta e nwere isii iche na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị eke ọnọdụ:

• Krypton-78 - 0,35%;
• Krypton-80 - 2,28%;
• Krypton-82 - 11,58%;
• Krypton-83 - 11,49%;
• Krypton-84 - 57%;
• Krypton-86 - 17,3%.

Ebee ka gas dị? N'ezie, e nwere, na ebe ọ na kwuru na ọ bụ maka oge mbụ - na ikuku. Onu nnọọ obere - na 1,14 x 10 ^-4%. Ọzọkwa mgbe nile replenishment data magburu gas mee na ọdịdị bụ n'ihi na nuclear Jeremaya mere n'ime lithosphere nke Earth. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọkpụrụkpụ akụkụ nke anụ isotope iche a mmewere.

mmadụ were

Modern technology na-eme ka o kwe omume iji nweta krypton site na ikuku na nnukwu quantities. Na e nwere ezi ihe mere ha kwere na ọ ga-eji dochie inert argon gas na ìhè bulbs. Mgbe niile, jupụtara na krypton, ha ga-aghọ ọzọ echekwa: na otu ike oriri ha ga-ogologo oge na-enwu ayama. Ọ bụkwa mma ike inogide na bufee, dị ka e jiri ya tụnyere ot, nke jupụtara na a ngwakọta nke nitrogen na argon.

Nke a nwere ike kọwara sedentary nnukwu na arọ krypton ụmụ irighiri ihe na inhibit okpomọkụ nyefe si iko bọlbụ na filament, ma belata evaporation nke atọm si n'elu.

Ọzọkwa, redioaktivu isotope Kr Kr ⁸⁵ mee n'ihi na ejuputa pụrụ iche oriọna ndidi ike emitting beta ụzarị. Nke a na ìhè ike converted n'ime anya ìhè. Ndị a oriọna iso nke a iko bọlbụ onye n'ime mgbidi na-ntekwasa na a phosphorescent mejupụtara. Beta ụzarị isotope krypton, na-echefu na nke a oyi akwa, na-eme ya na-egbukepụ egbukepụ na n'ụzọ zuru okè kwesiri ngosi ọbụna na a anya nke 500 m.

Ọbụna n'oge a anya nke e biri ebi ederede nwere ike hụrụ n'ụzọ doro anya ruo 3 mita. Oriọna bụ inogide, n'ihi na ọkara ndụ nke ndị isotope krypton-85 bụ banyere 10 afọ. The ọrụ ngwaọrụ n'agbanyeghị nke ugbu a isi iyi na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ọzọkwa krypton Fluoride na-eji dị ka oxidants propellant. Kr-F compound mejupụtara na-eji na mmepụta nke excimer lasers. Ụfọdụ isotopes nke krypton na-eji nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Tumadi maka achọpụta ọrịa ngwá, nchọpụta nke perforations na ntapu na agụụ na usoro, amụma na nchọpụta nke corrosion, dị ka akara na ngwá wear akụkụ.

Ọzọ ojiji nke krypton - a X-ray akpa, nke jupụtara na ha. Modern ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọ ụzọ iji nke a gas dị ka a dịanyā na mejupụtara nke akụkụ okuku ume na mixtures maka imikpu n'ime mmiri. ojiji nwere ike ghọtara na ọ na dị ka ihe ụfụ na nkà ọgwụ.