Mgbanwe nke plastids bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ụwa ọkụ. Plastids: usoro, ọrụ

Otu n'ime esemokwu dị iche n'etiti osisi na anụ anụmanụ bụ ọnụnọ na cytoplasm nke mbụ ndị dị otú ahụ, dị ka plastid. A ga-atụle usoro ahụ, atụmatụ nke usoro ọrụ ha dị mkpa, nakwa mkpa nke chloroplast, chromoplasts na leukoplast na isiokwu a.

Nhazi nke chloroplast

Prọs na-acha uhie uhie, bụ nke anyị na-amụ ugbu a, na-ezo aka na mkpụrụ ndụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị elu na mkpụrụ osisi. Ha bụ akpụkpọ anụ ahụ abụọ ma nwee ụdị oval. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na cytoplasm nwere ike ịdị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpụrụ ndụ nke parenchyma columnar nke ụbụrụ ụtaba nwere ihe ruru otu puku chloroplasts, na mkpụrụ osisi nke ezinụlọ ọka ọṅụṅụ site na 30 ruo 50.

Ma membranes bụ akụkụ nke organelle, nwere dị iche iche owuwu: ná mpụta - ezigbo, atọ oyi akwa, yiri akpụkpọ ahụ nke ọtụtụ osisi sel. N'ime n'ime nwere ọtụtụ folds, akpọ lamellas. Ha na-ejikọta ya na akwa akwa - thylakoids. Lamellae mejupụtara netwọk nke mejupụtara nke tubules. N'etiti lamellas enwere nwa ehi-thylakoids. A na-anakọta ha na nchịkọta - ngwugwu, nke nwere ike ijikọta ọnụ. Mkpụrụ ha dị n'otu chloroplast bụ 60-150. Ulo eze nile nke chloroplast juputara na matriks.

Oghere nwere akụkụ nke nnwere onwe: ihe nke aka ya bụ ihe DNA, bụ nke chloroplast nwere ike ịmụba. Ọzọkwa, e nwere a mechiri emechi elu akpụkpọ ahụ bounding na organelle site na Filiks aa na ndị cytoplasm. Chloroplasts nwere ribosomes ha, mole na-RNA na t-RNA, ya mere ha nwere ike njikọ protein.

Ọrụ nke thylakoids

Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, plastids nke cell plant - chloroplasts, na-enwe n'ime akpa ha pụrụ iche awụsara akpa, a na-akpọ thylakoids. Ha hụrụ pigments - chlorophylls (na-ekere òkè na photosynthesis) na carotenoids (ịrụ ọrụ nkwado na ọrụ trophic). E nwekwara enzyme usoro, mmeghachi omume na-enye ìhè na ọchịchịrị na-adọ nke photosynthesis. Ọrụ thylakoids na-arụ ọrụ dị ka antenna: ha na-elekwasị anya na mbara igwe ma na-eduga ha na mkpụrụ ndụ chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis bụ isi usoro chloroplasts

Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị autotrophic nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị dị na ha, karịsịa glucose, iji carbon dioxide na ume ọkụ. Green plastid ọrụ nke anyị na-amụ, na-akụkụ nke phototrophic - multicellular ntule, dị ka:

• Osisi spore elu (mosses, horsetails, mosses, ferns);
• Mkpụrụ (gymnosperms - gingovye, conifers, ephedra na angiosperms ma ọ bụ okooko osisi).

Photosynthesis bụ usoro mmezi ihe nke oxydation-mbelata, dabere na usoro nke ịnyefe electrons site na ndị na-enye onyinye na ogige nke "ghọta" ha, ndị a na-akpọ ndị nabata.

Mmeghachi omume ndị a na-eduga ná njikọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, karịsịa glucose, na ntọhapụ nke ikuku oxygen. Mmetụta ìhè nke photosynthesis na-apụta na membranes of thylakoids n'okpuru ọrụ nke ike ọkụ. Ejiri otutu nke ọkụ na-eme ka electrons nke amịrọs magnesium mejupụtara pigmenti green - chlorophyll.

A na-eji ike nke electrons eme ihe iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ: ATP na NADP-H2. Ha na-ejide onwe ha site na cell maka mmeghachi omume nke ọhụụ nke na-eme na matrix nke chloroplasts. Nchikota mmeghachi omume nke ihe omimi a na-eduga n'inwe mkpuru glucose, amino acids, glycerol na acy fatty, nke na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ na ihe ndị dị na cell.

Ụdị plastid

Akara plastics, usoro na ọrụ ndị anyị weere na mbụ, dị na akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma ọ bụghị nanị ụdị. Ya mere, na akpụkpọ mkpụrụ osisi, na mkpuru osisi nke osisi okooko osisi, n'ime oghere dị n'okpuru nke Ome - tubers na bulbs, e nwere plastids ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ha chromoplastics ma ọ bụ leukoplast.

Akwukwo na-enweghị ntụpọ (leukoplasts) nwere ọdịdị dị iche ma dị iche na chloroplasts n'ihi na oghere dị n'ime ha adịghị enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa, ọnụ ọgụgụ gịlakoids na-emikpu n'ime mpempe akwụkwọ bụ obere. Mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ nwere deoxyribonucleic acid, protein-synthesizing organelles-ribosomes na proteolytic enzymes nke na-akụda ndị na-edozi na carbohydrates.

Leukoplasts nwekwara enzymes - synthetases, na-etinye aka na nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ starch sitere na glucose. N'ihi ya, plastids na-achaghị acha nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ na-akwakọba ihe oriri ndị na-edozi ahụ: protein granules na ọka starch. Ihe ndị a plastic, ndị ọrụ ha na-ejikọta na ngwakọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, nwere ike ịbanye na chromoplasts, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge uto tomato na ogbo nke mmiri ara ehi.

N'okpuru microscope na-ederede ihe na-enwe ike na-edozi ike, ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụdị atọ plastik dị iche iche. Nke a, nke mbụ, na-eche banyere chloroplast, nke nwere usoro dị mgbagwoju anya, jikọtara ya na ọrụ photosynthesis.

Chromoplast - acha plastids

Yana green na colorless na osisi sel e a atọ organelles akpọ chromoplasts. Ha nwere agba dị iche iche: odo, odo odo, uhie. Ụdị ha dị ka leukoplasts: akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'ime nwere obere lamellas na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke thylakoids. Chromoplasts nwere ụdị pigments dị iche iche: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, nke bụ ihe ndị na-enyere ya aka. Ọ bụ plastids ndị ahụ na-eme ka agba akwụkwọ nke beets, carrots, mkpụrụ osisi osisi na tomato.

Kedu ka plastids si ebili na ibe

Leukoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts bụ plastids (usoro na ọrụ ndị anyị na-amụ) nwere otu mmalite. Ha na-ewepụtara meristematic (izi) anụ ahụ, nke na-kpụrụ protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform organelles nke ruo 1 micron. Na ìhè, ha na-eme ka usoro ha dị ike: a na-akpụnye akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'ime ya, a na-ahazi chlorophyll green pigment. Protoplastides ghọọ chloroplasts. Leukoplasts nwekwara ike gbanwee n'okpuru ihe ọkụ ọkụ dị na plastik, wee banye n'ime chromoplasts. Mgbanwe nke plastids bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụwa na osisi.

Chromatophores dị ka precursors nke chloroplasts

Ngwurugwu phototrophic prokaryotic - nje bacteria na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo, na-eme usoro nke photosynthesis site n'enyemaka nke bacteriochlorophyll A, nke mkpụrụ ndụ ya dị na ngwongwo nke dị na akpụkpọ ahụ cytoplasmic. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe banyere mbara igwe na-atụle chromatopres nke nje bacteria dị ka ndị na-ebu plastids.

Nke a gosipụtara site na ihe owuwu ha dị ka chloroplasts, ya bụ, ọnụnọ nke mmeghachi omume na usoro nchịkwa ọkụ, yana ihe nchịkọta nke photosynthesis na-eduga ná nhazi ogige organic. Ekwesiri ighota na osisi di ala - akwukwo ndu ndu, dika prokaryotes, enweghi pusi. Nke a na-akọwa site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na usoro chlorophyll nwere - chromatophores, weere onwe ha ọrụ ha - photosynthesis.

Kedu ka chloroplast si malite?

N'etiti ọtụtụ echiche nke mmalite nke plastids, ka anyị biri na symbiogenesis. Dị ka echiche ya, plastids - sel (chloroplasts) bilitere na Archean oge ruru ka penetration nke isi cell heterotrophic phototrophic bacteria. Ha mechara mee ka e nwee plastik green.

N'isiokwu a, anyị mụtara usoro na arụ ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ abụọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ osisi: leukoplasts, chloroplasts na chromoplasts. Na-achọpụtakwa ihe dị mkpa na ndụ cellular.