Mkpali ogbugbo: nhazi ọkwa

Ọdịdị nke mkpali Filiks omume enweghị nchịkwa na-akpata bụ ezigbo mmeghachi omume nke organism. Mbufụt - mgbagwoju usoro na-amalite na a obodo ma ọ bụ n'ozuzu larịị na emee omume mba ọzọ mmadụ. The isi ọrụ nke na-emepe emepe ihe mgbu omume na-eduzi na-ewepụ mmetụta nke enweghị nchịkwa na mgbake nke ahu. Mkpali ogbugbo bụ intermediaries, gbasakwara ndị a Filiks.

Nkenke na ụkpụrụ nke mkpali Jeremaya mere

Dịghịzi usoro - eche ụmụ mmadụ ọrịa. Mgbe mkpa bụ ịbanye gaa agha ahụ ma na-egbu nje bacteria, nje, dịkwa ka usoro ha. Otú ọ dị, na enwekwukwa revitalization nke usoro nke Iguzogide microorganisms nwere ike hụrụ anya ma ọ bụ na-eche na ọdịdị nke na-adakarị picture. Ọ bụ otú ahụ ikpe mbufụt eto ka a na-echebe omume nke ahu.

Usoro ndị nnukwu na-adịghị ala ala mkpali omume nke ya oruru. The mbụ n'esite na mberede edinam iwe na-akpata (trauma, mmebi, anabata mmetụta, ọrịa). -Adịghị ala ala mbufụt bụ ruo ogologo oge ma na-erughị akpọ adakarị ịrịba ama.

Bụrụ na nke obodo omume nke dịghịzi usoro na mpaghara nke mmerụ ahụ ma ọ wounding e ịrịba ama nke mkpali mmeghachi omume na-esonụ:

• mgbu;
• ozizi, puffiness;
• flushing nke anụ ;
• mebiri nke ọtọ ala;
• hyperthermia (okpomọkụ ịrị elu).

mkpali ogbo nke development

The usoro nke mbufụt dabeere na n'otu oge na mmekọrịta nke anụ na-echebe ihe, ọbara na dịghịzi mkpụrụ ndụ. Ozugbo n'ebe a mba ọzọ gị n'ụlọnga, ahụ na-eme site na obodo vasodilatation nọ n'ógbè nke kpọmkwem ihe ọjọọ. E nwere onye na-abawanye nke permeability nke mgbidi na ike nke ndị obodo microcirculation. Ọnụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara-abata ebe a humoral nchebe.

Na nke abụọ ogbo nke dịghịzi mkpụrụ ndụ na-amalite ọgụ na mgba microorganisms, hụrụ onwe ha ebe nke mebiri. The usoro nke inwe aha phagocytosis. Sel, neutrophils, ịgbanwe ha udi ma banye enweghị nchịkwa mmadụ. Next, kwụpụta na pụrụ iche mmadụ iji na mbibi nke bacteria na nje virus.

Ke ukem na microorganisms ime neutrophils na ndị agadi sel ndị nwụrụ anwụ, nke na-emi odude ke ebe nke mbufụt. N'ihi ya na-amalite na mmepe nke-atọ na-adọ Jeremaya mere nke organism. Na-elekwasị anya nke mbufụt dị ka ọ na-echebekwa site ahụ niile. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ebe a nwere ike obi throbbing. The cell amalite na-emepụta mkpali ogbugbo si poolu mkpụrụ ndụ, na-enye gị ohere ọcha merụrụ ahụ ebe si toxins, n'efu na ndị ọzọ na bekee.

General echiche nke ogbo

Mkpali ogbugbo - nọ n'ọrụ umi nke ndu, nke na-ebu na ntọhapụ nke ndị isi n'ụzọ nke mgbanwe. Ha na-ahụ maka ntoputa nke mgbaàmà nke mkpali Jeremaya mere. Dị ka ihe atụ, mụbara permeability arịa mgbidi ma ọ bụ ndị obodo okpomọkụ abawanye na ebe nke traumatization.

Isi ogbugbo nke mbufụt na-akwanyere ya ùgwù bụghị naanị n'ihi na mmepe nke-enweghị nchịkwa na usoro. Mmepe ha na-ewe ebe nọgidere. Ọ bụ iji na ụkpụrụ nke ahụ na ọrụ na anụ ahụ na cellular etoju. Dabere na ntụziaka nke ihe, modulators nwere mmetụta:

• mmako (ndọtị);
• synergistic (potentiator);
• antagonichesky (idem emem).

Mgbe mmerụ ahụ ma ọ na saịtị nke ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi edinam nke microorganisms unit akara mmekọrịta Filiks na mkpali effector adọ mgbanwe e ji mara nke usoro.

Ụdị mkpali ogbugbo

All mkpali modulators na-kewara abụọ dị iche iche, dabere na ha si:

1. Humoral: kinins, nkwekọrịta nke zuo ezu, clotting ihe.
2. Cell: vasoactive amines, arachidonic acid nkwekọrịta, cytokines, lymphokines, lysosomal ihe, reactive oxygen metabolites, neuropeptides.

Humoral ogbugbo nke mbufụt hụrụ n'ime ahụ mmadụ na-emetụta-enweghị nchịkwa na-akpata, i.e. ahụ nwere a ọkọnọ nke a bekee. Ha deposition n'akparamagwa sel ke adịghị ejekwa ozi ụdị.

Vasoactive amines na neuropeptides lysosomal ihe nwekwara tupu ẹdude modulators. Ndị fọdụrụ bekee nke na ìgwè nke cellular ogbugbo na-emepụta na n'oge mmepe nke mkpali omume.

nkwekọrịta nke zuo ezu

N'ihi mkpali ogbugbo na-ewepụtara otito. Otu a nke biologically-arụ ọrụ bekee na-atụle ga n'etiti ndị kasị mkpa humoral modulators. K nkwekọrịta na-agụnye 22 iche iche protein onye guzobere emee na zuo ezu ebighị (guzobere dịghịzi okụre ma ọ bụ immunoglobulins).

1. Modulators C5a na C3a na-ahụ maka nnukwu mbufụt adọ na Liberatore histamine na-emepụta site na poolu mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha edinam na-eduzi na ime larịị nke vaskụla cell permeability, nke a rụrụ na-ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ site n'ụzọ nke histamine.
2. Modulator C5a des Arg enwekwu permeability nke venules na saịtị nke ndị mkpali omume na-adọta neutrophilic mkpụrụ ndụ.
3. S3 akwalite phagocytosis.
4. Mgbagwoju S5-C9 maka lysis nke microorganisms na ndiiche mkpụrụ ndụ.

Otu a nke ogbugbo emepụtara site na plasma na anụ ahụ ọmụmụ. Abanye enweghị nchịkwa mpaghara, exudation Filiks ime. Na nkwekọrịta zuo ezu wepụtara interleukin, neurotransmitters, leukotrienes, prostaglandins na platelet-rụọ ọrụ na-akpata.

kinins

Otu a nke bekee bụ vasodilators. Ha na-guzobere na anụ ahụ ọmụmụ na plasma nke kpọmkwem globulin. Isi na-anọchite anya nke ìgwè na-agụnye bradykinin na kallidin, nke edinam mmetụta dị ka ndị a:

• isonye na Mbelata muscle ezigbo iche iche;
• site na mbenata vaskụla endothelial sikwuo Filiks mgbidi permeability;
• na-eme ka ihe-ọmume nke ọbara na venous mgbali;
• ịgbasa obere arịa;
• ime ka ọdịdị nke ihe mgbu na itching;
• mee ngwangwa imu na collagen njikọ.

The edinam na-iji na nchọpụta nke bradykinin plasma ohere na saịtị nke mbufụt. Kinins - mgbu ogbugbo nke mbufụt. Ha na-iwe na obodo anabata, na-eme erughị ala, soreness, itching.

prostaglandins

Cellular mkpali ogbugbo bụ prostaglandins. Otu a nke ogige akọ nkwekọrịta nke arachidonic acid. Isi mmalite nke prostaglandins bụ macrophages, platelet, granulocytes na monocytes.

Prostaglandins - ogbugbo nke mbufụt, na-egosipụta na-esonụ ọrụ:

• mmalite nke ihe mgbu na-anabata ya;
• vasodilation;
• dịkwuo exudative Filiks;
• ike nke hyperthermia na lesion;
• ngwa ngwa ije nke leukocytes n'ime-enweghị nchịkwa na mpaghara;
• ntọt ke ọzịza.

leukotrienes

Bayoloji-arụ ọrụ bekee nke e hiwere ọhụrụ ogbugbo. Nke ahụ bụ, ahụ ji alụso ọrịa usoro na ndị fọdụrụ nke ego bụ zuru ezu maka ozugbo irritant.

Leukotrienes akpasu uru vaskụla permeability na leukocyte ohere na mpaghara nke daa ọrịa. Dị mkpa na Jenesis nke mkpali mgbu. Bekee nwere ike synthesized niile mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ndị ọzọ karịa erythrocytes, na adventitia nke akpa ume na mkpụrụ ndụ, ọbara arịa na abụba mkpụrụ ndụ.

Na ikpe nke mbufụt omume bacteria, nje ma ọ bụ anabata ihe leukotrienes ime ka bronchial spasm, na-eme ka mmepe nke edema. Mmetụta yiri ka ihe nke histamine, kama ogologo. Target ngwa maka-arụ ọrụ bekee - obi. Guzo na a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu, ha na-eme na obi muscle, onye na-adịghị akwara eruba na dịkwuo larịị nke mkpali mmeghachi omume.

thromboxanes

Otu a nke nọ n'ọrụ modulators guzobere anụ ahụ nke splin, mkpụrụ ndụ ụbụrụ, akpa ume mkpụrụ ndụ na ọbara kpụkọta. Nwere a spastic utịp ke ọbara arịa, welie Filiks nke thrombosis na gbasara obi ischemia, na-eme ka usoro nke aggregation na platelet adhesion.

biogenic amines

The isi mkpali ogbugbo - histamine na serotonin. Bekee provocateurs mbụ microcirculatory ọrịa na daa ọrịa mpaghara. Serotonin - a ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi na-emepụta na abụba mkpụrụ ndụ, platelet na enterochromaffin.

Akparamagwa nke serotonin dịgasị dabere na ya larịị ke idem. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, mgbe ego bụ n'ahụ onye ogbugbo, ọ enwekwu vaskụla apịajighị apịaji na enwekwu ha ụda. Na mmepe nke mkpali Jeremaya mere nke nọmba enwekwu nnọọ. Serotonin aghọ vasodilator, ịba ụba vaskụla permeability na ịgbasa arịa. Ọzọkwa, ya edinam bụ otu narị ugboro na ihe oru oma abụọ biogenic amine ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi.

Histamine - mkpali ogbugbo enwe a na achị mmetụta ọbara arịa na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ime otu ìgwè gistaminchuvstvitelnyh anabata umi dilates akwara ndị gara na-egbochi leukocyte ije. Mgbe ọ gụrụ ọzọ - ọ na-asụchikwa akwara vnutrikapellyarnogo akpata ihe na-abawanye na nsogbu na aka nke ọzọ, na-akpali leukocyte ije.

Ime neutrophil anabata, histamine egbochi ha arụmọrụ on monocyte anabata - akpali ndị gara aga. N'ihi ya, ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi nwere ihe mgbu mgbochi mkpali mmetụta n'otu oge.

Vasodilator mmetụta nke histamine na-enwekwukwa n'okpuru nduzi nke a mgbagwoju na acetylcholine, bradykinin, na serotonin.

lysosomal enzymes

Dịghịzi mbufụt ogbugbo na-emepụta site monocytes na granulocytes na ebe-enweghị nchịkwa na usoro n'oge mmalite, Mbugharị, phagocytosis, cell mmebi na ọnwụ. Proteases nke bụ isi akụrụngwa nke lysosomal enzymes nwere antimicrobial mmetụta nchedo lysing ọbịa ebibi enweghị nchịkwa microorganisms.

Ọzọkwa,-arụ ọrụ bekee eme ka ụba permeability nke vaskụla mgbidi, modulate leukocyte infiltration. Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke dịpụrụ adịpụ enzymes, ha nwere ike ma ọ bụ ghara ịdị Mbugharị nke leukocyte mkpụrụ ndụ.

Mkpali omume na-amalite na-ewe ihe a ogologo oge n'ihi na eziokwu na lysosomal enzymes rụọ ọrụ zuo ezu usoro, ntọhapụ cytokines na limokiny Mee ọ rụọ ọrụ coagulation na fibrinolysis.

cationic edozi

Site mbufụt ogbugbo bụ ndi na-edozi dị neutrophil nsogbu dị iche iche na-enwe a elu microbicidal. Ndị bekee eme na na ndị mba ọzọ na mkpụrụ ndụ, na-akpaghasị ya bughi akpụkpọ ahụ. Nke a na-akpata ọnwụ nke a enweghị nchịkwa n'ụlọnga. Ọzọkwa, usoro nke mbibi na cleavage site lysosomal proteases.

Cationic edozi akwalite ọgụgụ akwara mbufe ozi ntọhapụ histamine, dịkwuo vaskụla permeability, mee ngwangwa ndị leukocyte adhesion na Mbugharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

cytokines

Nke a cellular mkpali ogbugbo mepụtara mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-esonụ:

• monocytes;
• macrophages;
• neutrophils;
• lymphocytes;
• endothelial mkpụrụ ndụ.

Ime neutrophils, cytokine etoju dịkwuo vaskụla permeability. Ha na-akpali leukocyte mkpụrụ ndụ na-egbu, akada na-ebibi mba ọzọ microorganisms biri, welie phagocytosis usoro.

Mgbe egbu enweghị nchịkwa mmadụ cytokines akpali mgbake na proliferation nke ọhụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Emekọ na bekee site na ìgwè nke ndị ogbugbo, prostaglandins, neuropeptides.

Active metabolites nke oxygen

A ìgwè nke free radicals, nke bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ ha unpaired electrons, ike nke na-abanye mmekọrịta na ndị ọzọ ụmụ irighiri ihe, na-ewere a kpọmkwem akụkụ ke mmepe nke aza. Site oxygen metabolites, nke bụ akụkụ nke ogbo, ndị dị ka ndị:

• a hydroxyl buu;
• hydroperoxide buu;
• superoxide anion buu.

The isi iyi nke ndị a-arụ ọrụ bekee bụ mpụta oyi akwa nke arachidonic acid phagocytic mmalite wupu ha, nakwa dị ka ọxịdashọn nke obere ụmụ irighiri.

Oxygen Metabolites enhances ike nke phagocytic mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebibi mba ọzọ mmadụ na-akpata ọxịdashọn nke abụba, mmebi amino asịd, nucleic asịd, carbohydrates, na-amụba vaskụla permeability. Ka modulators nke metabolites pụrụ ịmụba mbufụt ma ọ bụ mgbochi mkpali mmetụta. Ha ndị dị oké mkpa na mmepe nke-adịghị ala ala ọrịa.

neuropeptides

Otu a na-agụnye calcitonin, neurokinin A, na umi P. Nke a bụ ihe ndị kasị mara modulators nke neuropeptides. Bekee edinam mmetụta dabeere na-esonụ usoro:

• mma nke neutrophils na mbufụt;
• ụba vaskụla permeability;
• Nyere na ndị ọzọ dị iche iche kpughere na mwute anabata nke neurotransmitters;
• uche nkwalite nke neutrophils na venous endothelium;
• isonye na guzobere mgbu n'oge mkpali omume.

Ke adianade niile n'elu, na-arụsi ọrụ ike ndị ogbugbo na-agụnye acetylcholine, adrenaline na noradrenaline. Acetylcholine abuana ke kpụworo ọbara hyperemia, dilates ọbara arịa na n'ekwú pathologies.

Nọrepinefrini na epinephrine eme omume dị ka modulators nke mbufụt, inhibiting uto nke larịị nke vaskụla permeability.

Mmepe nke mkpali omume bụ bụghị a mebiri site organism. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ ihe na-egosi na dịghịzi usoro ịnagide aga-eme.