Na-eku ume na osisi pụtara na mkpụrụ ndụ nke akụkụ. Na mkpụrụ ndụ nke ọ bụla ngwa nke ume pụtara na osisi?

Na-eku ume usoro aka, nke na-enye oxygen nke ahu. Na na osisi, na ọ bụ yiri na anụmanụ. Usoro a dịruru elekere. Na-eku ume na osisi pụtara na mkpụrụ ndụ nke akụkụ dị ofụri elu nke epupụta, ị ga na mgbọrọgwụ. Ọ emekọ niile mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ bụrụ na osisi-eme mkpọchi sel, eruba n'ime carbon dioxide na-akwụsị. Na nke a na osisi nwere ike ịnwụ.

ya mere eme

The eziokwu na osisi emepụta oxygen n'oge respiration, e dere na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọrụ, AL Lavoisier. Na 1773-1783 ọ mụụrụ nwere. The N'ihi nke ọrụ ya chọpụtara na na combustion na respiration banye oxygen dị ukwuu. Nke a na a carbon dioxide na okpomọkụ.

Dabere na ọrụ ya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na ume na-ere ọkụ nri na vivo. Mgbe e mesịrị, a ọrụ aka iso Ya Jan Ingenhousz. Ọ egosila na na ọchịchịrị, na ìhè anyanwụ na-etinye obi gị dum site na carbon dioxide na oxygen evolushọn. Nke a pụtara na osisi n'oge respiration ike hazie dị ka CO ₂ O _2, dabere ma na ìhè na usoro ma ọ bụ na-ekere òkè.

Yiri ọmụmụ ekenịmde HF Sheynbayn na AN Bach. Na 1897, a chọpụtara na nchepụta nke ndu ọxịdashọn. N'otu afọ yiri ọrụ ọkọnọ K. Engler. Ke 1955, O. Hayaishi na GS Mason eji nwere gosikwara na oxygen bụ ihe dị mkpa nke organic ogige.

Specificity nke iku ume na osisi

Ume a na-akpọ a eluigwe na ala usoro. Ọ na-atụle ihe akụkụ nke ihe niile dị ndụ ntule. Ọ na-adịkarị kweere na ume nke osisi na-ewe ebe mkpụrụ ndụ nke akụkụ na anụ ahụ, site na nke gas mgbanwe emee. Ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro a na-ejikọta ya na ndụ na ume nchupu - na ọnwụ nke ihe nile dị ndụ.

Ediyarade nke ndụ a na-nwere njikọ chiri ume mmefu. N'otu oge ahụ na e nwere a mmepe, mmeputakwa, ibu, cell nkewa. Bugharịa na etinye obi gị dum nri, mmiri, na dị iche iche njikọ Filiks. Akụkụ okuku ume na osisi na-mgbagwoju multi-EBIONITISM usoro. Conjugate oxidative Filiks ịgbanwe chemical mejupụtara nke organic ogige.

cellular respiration

Ndị dị otú ahụ ume bụ ihe oxidizing usoro. O metụtara disintegration oxygen na mkpa nri. Hapụ nke ike emee na guzobere nke nọ n'ọrụ metabolites. Mkpụrụ ndụ na-eji na-etolite dị mkpa Filiks nke ndụ. Na nke a na-respiration na osisi pụtara na mkpụrụ ndụ nke akụkụ na a gbakọọ iji ngụkọta akụkụ:

C6H12O6 + 602> 6S02 + 6N20 + 2875 King James Version / ahumachi.

Ihe ike a tọhapụrụ bụ kpamkpam. Part nke ume-akwakọba na adenosine triphosphate. Mgbe njikọ na akpụkpọ ahụ na-guzobere nke ihe dị iche nke electric ebubo. Ndị dị otú ahụ a onu na kpọkwasịwo ihe dị iche nke kasịnụ nke hydrogen ion nke na-guzobere na abụọ n'akụkụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ. Respiration oriri na-edozi nke osisi na-adị site na a proton grajentị. Ọ bụ isi ike ihe a chọrọ maka mkpa Filiks aa na cell. Ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks na-eji na njikọ retara, ngagharị nke mmiri na nri. The chemical Ọdịdị nke ahụ nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na cytoplasm. The ike na-apụghị-akpọkọtara na proton grajentị na-agamevu dị ka ìhè.

Catalytic Filiks nke respiration

Ọxịdashọn nke substrates na mere enzymes. Ha na-akpọ protein akpali. Enzymes nwere ụfọdụ e ji mara:

• dị nnọọ elu lability;
• ubara ọrụ;
• elu specificity maka substrates.

Respiration na osisi oriri na-edozi bụ dabere na gbasara ohere nghazi nke dịgasị n'okpuru nduzi nke esịtidem na mpụga ihe. Ọ na-adị ụkpụrụ nke metabolism. Na ụfọdụ elektrọn echiche metụtara ụzọ nke ọxịdashọn. Types of ọxịdashọn Jeremaya mere:

• anaghị achọ electrons;
• accession oxygen;
• ndọrọ ego hydrogen;
• ọdịdị hydrated compound;
• ndọrọ ego protons na abụọ electrons.

Ọxịdashọn gị n'ụlọnga jikọtara mweghachi nke acceptor. Dị otú ahụ enzymes na-ahụta ka oxidoreductases. N'ihi ya, ọ a disconnection nke protons na electrons. Ha ewe acceptor. The enzyme Nleta a nyefe mmeghachi omume. Ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks na-agụnye aerobic na anaerobic respiration.

aerobic respiration

Ndị dị otú ahụ na-eku ume usoro na-ezo aka oxidative usoro. Mgbe na-eku ume osisi amịkọrọ carbon dioxide, si otú atọhapụ oxygen. Mkpụrụ erekasịchaala na inorganic bekee ike. Isi substrates maka osisi respiration bụ carbohydrates. Ke adianade ha, nwere ike iwesa ọkọnọ nke na-edozi na abụba.

Ndị dị otú ahụ na-eku ume na-agụnye isi ihe abụọ nzọụkwụ:

1. Oxygen-free usoro. E pụtara a jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-adịghị ngwa ire ere nke substrates, ntọhapụ nke hydrogen atọm na Usoro njikọ coenzymes.
2. Oxygen usoro. Ebe e nwere bụ ụdi cleavage nke hydrogen atọm. Ha pụọ akụkụ okuku ume mkpụrụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ oxidized. N'ihi bụ a nyefe nke electrons ka oxygen.

anaerobic respiration

Ndị dị otú ahụ na-eku ume osisi emee site microorganisms bi osisi sel. Iji oxidize bekee ha adịghị eji molekụla oxygen. Ha kwesịrị nnu nke nitric, carbonic na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid, nke mgbe converted n'ime ogologo Filiks na natara compound. The chọrọ ike a na-enweta site na cleavage nke mgbagwoju organic ụmụ irighiri na ndị kasị dị mfe. The ikpeazụ elektrọn acceptor atụle carbonates, sulfates na nitrati. Nitric nnu, na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na carbonic acid na-converted n'ime mbenata ogige.

The mgbọrọgwụ usoro

Ihe akụkụ nke osisi mgbọrọgwụ na-eku ume. N'ihi na-arụsi ọrụ ike uto nke osisi mkpa ọhụrụ ikuku na-abịa n'ime mgbọrọgwụ usoro. Dị otú ahụ respiration na rụrụ site na oxygen nke circulates na nnukwu pores.

Mgbe noncapillary porosity n'oge ogologo mmiri ma ọ bụ ngafe nke mmiri na ite ala na-supersaturated na mmiri. N'oge a, na-akpata usoro a na-enwe asphyxia. Ụfọdụ subspecies nke osisi nwere ike iku ume site oxygen etisasịwo ke mmiri. Mgbe a eruba n'ime mmiri ga-ekesa ma ọ bụ eru. Mgbe ọnọdụ na-achọghị nke mmiri mgbọrọgwụ nke osisi na-adịghị na-na-na ọ dị mkpa oxygen.

Na ezi uche na ọnọdụ n'oge na-eku ume osisi amịkọrọ carbon dioxide. Ma agaghinihu mode, ọ na-apụghị na-edu a full gas mgbanwe. Uto slows ala ukwu. Na mmekọrita nitrogen oxygen larịị na-belata 21%. Chupu ojiji nke ịnweta ego nke ala. The osisi were ikuku nke na-abịa na-efu nke epupụta, na esiwe na ogbugbo nke osisi.

akụkụ okuku ume na Meaning

Na-eku ume na osisi pụtara na mkpụrụ ndụ na akụkụ bụ isi metabolic usoro. Ike nke na a tọhapụrụ mgbe iku ume na-nọrọ na-eto ma na-arụ ọrụ nke osisi.

osisi respiration tụnyere photosynthesis. The usoro na-aga ebe ọtụtụ nkebi. Na n'etiti nkebi ii site organic ogige. Ha na-eji metabolic Jeremaya mere. Ndị a gụnyere pentoses na organic asịd nke na-guzobere n'oge ire ere nke iku ume. Ya mere, na-eku ume-atụle ga-a isi iyi nke metabolites.

akụkụ okuku ume na usoro a na-ewere kachasị yitebe ume soplaya NADPH na ATP. mgbe na-eku ume Plants emepụta oxygen. Na usoro a, ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ nke osisi, mmiri a kpụrụ. Mgbe akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ osisi ya na-echebe ya site na mbibi.

Mgbe ụfọdụ, na-eku ume ike nwere ike natara dị ka okpomọkụ. Na nke a, na-eku ume usoro ga-eme ka ihe na-enweghị isi mmefu nke akọrọ okwu. Mụbara respiration usoro maka osisi ya onwe ya bụ bụghị mgbe nile, bụ bara uru.