Neuron ọrụ. Gịnị ọrụ na-rụrụ site akwara ozi. Motor neuron ọrụ

The ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ime stimuli nke n'èzí ụwa - bụ isi criterion nke a ndụ organism. The bughi ọcha nke ụjọ anụ - akwara ozi na-enye nwa ara na nwoke - ike ịgbanwe stimuli (ìhè, ísì, ụda ebili mmiri) na excitation usoro. Ya ikpeazụ n'ihi - ihe zuru ezu mmeghachi omume nke ahụ na omume dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi mmetụta. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-inyocha ihe ọrụ a rụrụ site akwara ozi na ụbụrụ na elu ụjọ usoro, nakwa dị ka tụlee nhazi ọkwa nke akwara ozi n'ihi na peculiarities nke ha ịrụ ọrụ na ndu eme ntule.

The guzobere ụjọ anụ ahụ

Tupu ịgagharị ọrụ nke neuron, ka anyị hụ otú ụdị-neurocytes mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe neurula ogbo, ẹmbrayo a tọrọ nural tube. Ọ a kpụrụ si ectodermal mpempe akwụkwọ na-enwe a ndim - nural efere. Advanced njedebe nke tube na-etolite a n'ihu ise n'akụkụ n'ụdị egosipụta ụbụrụ. N'ime ndị a, kpụrụ akụkụ ụbụrụ. Isi akụkụ nke nural tube n'oge na-amalite amalite development Nleta ọgidigi azụ, site nke gbatịrị a ụzọ nke 31 irighiri akwara.

ọrịa ụbụrụ akwara ozi na-jikọtara na-etolite a isi. Ha na-eme 12 abụọ nke cranial irighiri akwara. Na mmadụ ụjọ usoro na-ọdịiche dị n'ime a Central ngalaba - ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ, esịnede neurocytes mkpụrụ ndụ ma na-akwado anụ - glia. Elu Division mejupụtara ndị somatic na autonomic akụkụ. Ha irighiri akwara innervate niile akụkụ na anụ ahụ nke ahụ.

Akwara ozi - bughi unit nke ụjọ usoro

Ha ịdị iche na size, udi ma na Njirimara. neuron ọrụ bụ manifold: isonye na guzobere nural na sekit na sekit, uzọ nke stimuli si mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi, nyefe nke excitation ịda na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. Site neuron napu apu ọtụtụ Filiks. Long - axon na obere alaka na-akpọ dendrites.

Cytological ule mata na ahu nke akwara cell ntọala na otu - abụọ nucleoli, ọma kpụrụ endoplasmic reticulum, ọtụtụ mitochondria na a dị ike protein-synthesizing ngwa. Ọ na-anọchi anya ribosomes na RNA ụmụ irighiri na RNAi. Ndị bekee na-etolite a kpọmkwem Ọdịdị neurocytes - Nissl umi. Njirimara akwara mkpụrụ ndụ - a ukwuu nke Filiks na-eme ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe bụ isi ọrụ nke neuron - nnyefe nke akwara esi gboo. O dendrites na axons. The mbụ na-enweta n'ókè na-ebunye ha aka ahu neurocyte na axon - a otu nnọọ ogologo usoro, na-eduzi n'ahụhụ ọzọ ụjọ kletkam.Prodolzhaya chọta azịza nke ajụjụ: Gịnị ka akwara ozi anya na Ọdịdị nke a umi dị ka neuroglia.

Ọdịdị nke ụjọ anụ ahụ

Neurocytes na-gburugburu a pụrụ iche ihe onwunwe, nke e ji na-akwado ha na-echebe Njirimara. N'ihi ya, dị ka a mara ike ikewa. Nke a compound na-akpọ neuroglia.

Nke a Ọdịdị njikọ chiri anya akwara mkpụrụ ndụ. Ebe ọ bụ na isi ọrụ nke neuron - bụ ọgbọ na conduction nke akwara esi gboo, glial mkpụrụ ndụ na-emetụta usoro nke excitation na-agbanwe ha ọkụ e ji mara. Ọzọkwa trophic na echebe ọrụ glia enye metabolic Jeremaya mere na neurocytes na-eme ka plasticity nke ụjọ anụ ahụ.

The usoro nke excitation na akwara ozi

Onye ọ bụla akwara cell Nleta ọtụtụ puku kọntaktị na ndị ọzọ neurocytes. Eletriki pulses na-ndabere nke excitation Filiks na-agafere si cell ahu tinyere axon, mgbe ọ bụ dị na kọntaktị na ndị ọzọ bughi ọcha nke ụjọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-abanye kpọmkwem n'ime arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ na muscle. Iji chọpụta ihe ọrụ na-rụrụ site akwara ozi mkpa ịmụ usoro nke excitation nyefe. Ọ rụrụ axons. The moto irighiri akwara na-ekpuchi myelin n'ọbọ na-akpọ myelinated. The autonomic ụjọ usoro na-unmyelinated Filiks. Dị ka ya na excitation kwesịrị gaa a gbara agbata obi neuron.

Gịnị bụ a synapse

The kọntaktị nke abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ a na-akpọ a synapse. Nyefee excitation n'akparamagwa ya ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ - ogbugbo, ma ọ bụ site na Itie ion si otu neuron ọzọ, i.e. eletriki pulses.

N'ihi guzobere synapses akwara ozi ike a na netwọk Ọdịdị nke ogwe òkè nke ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ. Ọ na-akpọ ndị reticular guzobere, malite na ala akụkụ nke medulla oblongata na captures brainstem nuclei, ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ akwara ozi. Meshwork ekwusi ifịk ala nke ụbụrụ cortex na-edu ndị mpiaji omume nke ndị ọgidigi azụ.

Amamịghe echiche

Echiche nke synaptic jikọrọ akwara ozi nke Central ụjọ usoro na-amụ ọrụ nke reticular ozi ugbu a gụnyere n'ụdị a sayensị nke wuru nural netwọk. Ọ ndapụta nke wuru akwara mkpụrụ ndụ ejikọrọ na ntinye nke ọzọ pụrụ iche njikọ, ejighi oru synapses na ha ezigbo ọrụ. Ebighị ọrụ nke neuron wuru neurocomputer - a nkwubi nke niile input n'ókè-keakamere akwara cell, ghọrọ ka a na-abụghị linear ọrụ nke linear akụrụngwa. Ọ na-akpọ omume ọrụ (nyefe). Mgbe na-eke Amamịghe echiche ndị kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na linear, semilinear na nzọụkwụ nke ndị neuron ebighị ọrụ.

afferent neurocytes

Ha na-akpọ na-mwute na obere spines, nke bụ akụkụ nke anụ cell na niile esịtidem akụkụ (anabata). Iyatesịt ịmara na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi, ha na-anabata ya na-agbanwe na excitation usoro. Dabere ụdị mkpalite, akwara endings na-ekewa n'ime: thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors. N'ihi ya, ndị ọrụ nke sensory akwara ozi - uzọ nke stimuli, ha ịkpa ókè, ọgbọ nke excitation na-ebufe ya n'ime Central ụjọ usoro. Sensory akwara ozi na-gụnyere ke posterior mpi ọgidigi azụ. Ahụ ha na-dị na saịtị (ganglia) emi odude n'èzí Central ụjọ usoro. N'ihi ya kpụrụ ganglia nke cranial na spinal irighiri akwara. Afferent akwara ozi nwere a ukwuu nke dendrites, axons na ọnụ na ahụ, ha na-ihe dị oké mkpa akụrụngwa nke mpiaji arcs. Ya mere, mwute neuron ọrụ bụ na usoro nke na nyefe nke excitation na ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ, na-ekere òkè n'usoro nke na-aghọ nkọ.

atụmatụ interneuron

N'ịnọgide na-amụ Njirimara nke bughi ọcha nke ụjọ anụ ahụ, chọpụta ihe ọrụ a rụrụ site intercalary akwara ozi. Nke a na ụdị nural mkpụrụ ndụ na-ewe bioelectric pulses si mmetụta na Site n'ibu ha neurocyte:

a) ọzọ interneurons;

b) moto neurocytes.

Kasị interneurons nwere axons, ọgwụgwụ akụkụ nke - ọnụ metụtara na neurocytes nke center.

Akwara ozi onye ọrụ - mwekota nke excitation na Mgbasa nke ya ọzọ na akụkụ nke Central ụjọ usoro, bụ ihe dị oké mkpa akụrụngwa nke kasị unconditioned mpiaji na oyi mpiaji akwara arcs. Excitatory interneurons ikwado mgbaàmà nnyefe n'etiti ọtọ iche iche nke neurocytes. Breeki intercalary akwara mkpụrụ ndụ na-enweta obi ụtọ nke n'etiti onwe ya maka nzaghachi. Nke a ana achi achi na akwara ozi nke na-arụ ọrụ - ogologo oge ichebe na nnyefe nke akwara esi gboo, na-enye ohere ebighị nke sensory spinal irighiri akwara.

Motor neuron ọrụ

Motoneurons bụ ikpeazụ ụlọ ngọngọ nke mpiaji aak. Ọ nwere oké ahụ, kwubiri n'ihu ọgidigi azụ mpi. Ndị akwara ozi na innervate na skeletal mọzụlụ, bụ aha ndị a moto ọcha. Ọzọ efferent neurocytes esịne ke secreting gland mkpụrụ ndụ na-eme ka ntọhapụ nke mkpa bekee: nzuzo homonụ. The ịsụ, ya bụ unconditioned mpiaji omume (ilo, salivation, defecation) efferent akwara ozi ịgbatị si ọgidigi azụ ma ọ bụ na ụbụrụ azuokokoosisi. Ịrụ mgbagwoju omume na mmegharị nke ahụ na-eji abụọ na ụdị centrifugal neurocytes: Central na elu moto moto. Central ahụ bụ a moto neuron na ọrịa ụbụrụ cortex, nso rolandovoy furrow.

The ozu elu moto neurocytes, innervating uru nke aka na ụkwụ, na akpati, olu, emi odude ke ihu mpi ọgidigi azụ, na ha ogologo Filiks - axons - nke ihu mgbọrọgwụ. Ha na-etolite esiwọrọ moto 31 abụọ nke spinal irighiri akwara. Elu moto neurocytes, innervating uru nke ihu, akpịrị, nkọlọ, ire, emi odude ke nuclei nke vagus, hypoglossal na glossopharyngeal cranial irighiri akwara. N'ihi ya, isi ọrụ nke moto neuron --eji ire ụtọ mọzụlụ na-ejide excitation secreting mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ akụkụ.

Metabolism na neurocytes

Isi ọrụ nke neuron - guzobere bioelectrical edinam nwere na ya nyefe ọzọ akwara sel, muscle secreting mkpụrụ ndụ - neurocyte ruru bughi atụmatụ na kpọmkwem metabolic Jeremaya mere. Cytological ọmụmụ gosiri na akwara ozi nwere nnukwu quantities nke mitochondria, ATP synthesizing ụmụ irighiri mepụtara na a dịgasị iche iche nke granular reticulum ribosomal ahụ. Ha ifịk ifịk synthesized cell na-edozi. The akpụkpọ ahụ nke akwara cell na ya n'ibu - axons na dendrites arụ ọrụ nke nhọrọ iga nke ụmụ irighiri na ion. Metabolic Jeremaya mere na neurocytes ime na a dịgasị iche iche nke enzymes na nwere a akwa siri.

Nnyefe na synapses excitation

Ịtụle usoro nke excitation akwara ozi, anyị anya na synapses - formations na-ebilite na interface nke abụọ neurocytes. Excitation nke mbụ akwara cell na-akpata kpụworo collaterals ya axon ụmụ irighiri Chemicals - ogbugbo. Ndị a gụnyere amino asịd, acetylcholine, nọrepinefrini. Guzo si egosipụta na jedebere nke synoptic synoptic nchawa, o nwere ike imetụta ma ndị nke postsynaptic akpụkpọ ahụ na-emetụta shei agbata obi akwara ozi.

Molekul neurotransmitters bụ ihe irritant ọzọ akwara mkpụrụ ndụ, na-eme ya akpụkpọ ahụ ụgwọ mgbanwe - ihe nwere. N'ihi ya, obi ụtọ ngwa ngwa na-agbasa tinyere akwara ozi na esịmde Central ụjọ usoro, ma ọ bụ na-aga nke uru ahụ na glands, na-eme ha ka ha kwesịrị ekwesị.

neuronal plasticity

Ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na na usoro nke embryogenesis, ya bụ na ogbo nke neurulation, na ektodamụ nke na-emepe emepe nnọọ ukwuu nke isi akwara ozi. About 65% nke ha ịnwụ ọbụna tupu a mụọ. N'oge ontogeny nke ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ụbụrụ-anọgide na-tutu amama. Nke a bụ a eke usoro nke kenyere. Neurocytes, n'adịghị epithelial ma ọ bụ connective mkpụrụ ndụ na-enweghị ka ha kee na ịdị na-agbanwe, ebe ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka ndị a Filiks na-inactivated na chromosomes nke mmadụ. O sina dị, na ụbụrụ na uche arụmọrụ pụrụ ịdịgide ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ na-abụghị budata belata. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ndị ọrụ nke akwara ozi aba ke ini ontogenesis, na-na ndị ọzọ akwara mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha nwere mee ka gị na metabolism na ike ọzọ ọhụrụ icheta na chefuo efu ọrụ. Nke a na onu na-akpọ plasticity neurocytes.

Nke a na-egosi na akwara ozi

Ná ngwụsị nke iri abụọ na narị afọ, a ìgwè nke Italian neurophysiologists eguzobewo ihe na-akpali eziokwu: na akwara mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike yiri image nsụhọ. Nke a pụtara na ọrịa ụbụrụ cortex a kpụrụ phantom nsụhọ nke ndị anyị na-ekwurịta okwu. Esịne ke mirror usoro akwara ozi ọrụ dị ka resonators echiche ọrụ nke ndị gbara ha gburugburu. Ya mere, a onye bụ ike na-atụ anya na ebumnuche nke interlocutor. Ọdịdị nke ndị dị otú ahụ neurocytes enyekwa pụrụ iche psychological onu na-akpọ mmetụta ọmịiko. Ọ e ji ike na-banye n'ime ụwa nke onye ọzọ mmetụta uche na ọmịiko n'ebe mmetụta ya.