Ọdachi nke "Russian Miracle". The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụgbọelu, "ịkpa ákwà" (T-4)

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Soviet Air Force T-4 nwere ihe pụrụ iche ebe. Ọ bụ oké ọchịchọ na ọnụ oru ngo nke ụgbọelu, nke e kwesịrị ịbụ a dị ize ndụ iro nke US oké osimiri na-ebu. Establishment of T-4 akara ogologo di ọku agha n'etiti anụ ụlọ imewe itieutom. Ịghọ a milestone na ogwe aka agbụrụ n'etiti Soviet Union na United States, ụgbọelu mgbe mere ya n'ime uka mmepụta, anọgide na-ibuo nlereanya. Si T-4 hapụrụ n'ihi oké eri na nkà na ụzụ mgbagwoju.

Mụrụ anya

The ụgbọelu "ịkpa ákwà" (T-4) bụ Soviet utọk megide US nuclear ụgbọelu na-ebu. Ke mbubreyo 1950s ọ bịara doo anya na Soviet Union nwere ihe ọ bụla na-emegide ndị United States na ubi nke naval usoro ụgbọelu. The kasị njọ isi ọwụwa maka Navy malitere nuclear submarines, ugbo elu na-ebu, nke na-ekpuchi. Jikọọ ndị a mmiri nwere impenetrable agbachitere.

Nanị ihe na-nwere ike kụrụ US ugbo elu ụgbọelu - a superfast agha na a nuclear warhead. Ma iji nweta ya site na ụgbọ mmiri bụghị na o kwere omume n'ihi na eziokwu na ọ na mgbe niile gbanwere ọnọdụ. Site Nchikota ihe ndị a, ndị na-edu ndú nke Soviet agha ruo nkwubi okwu na ọ bụ oge na-na oru ngo nke a ọhụrụ elu-ọsọ ugbo elu. Ha ghọrọ "ịkpa ákwà" (T-4). The ụgbọelu nwere a oru ngo na-akpọ "isiokwu 100", n'ihi na nke a nwetara ya aha otutu.

mpi

Égbè eluigwe na-ebu kwesịrị ịnara takeoff arọ nke 100 tọn na 3 000 kilomita kwa hour cruising ọsọ. Dị otú ahụ na e ji mara (na n'uko 24 kilomita) ụgbọelu ghọrọ dịghịzi adị maka American Rada, na N'ihi na emegide ugbo elu agba. Na State na Kọmitii na Aviation Technology chọrọ "ịkpa ákwà" (T-4) bụ à gụpụrụ na-interceptor.

Na mpi maka imewe nke gaje ugbo elu aka ọtụtụ imewe itieutom. All ọkachamara na-atụ anya na T-4 na-ahụ na Tupolev, na ndị ọzọ na CB ga naanị isonye maka ọhụhụ nke mpi. Otú ọ dị, Sukhoi Design Bureau maka oru ngo si na-atụghị anya na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi. A na-arụ ọrụ ìgwè ndị ọkachamara na na nzọụkwụ mbụ mere Oleg Samoylovich.

Ngo bụ Sukhoi

N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1961 na nkà mmụta sayensị na kansul ẹkenịmde. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ - chọpụta imewe ụlọ ọrụ, nke akpatre na-ewe otu bombu T-4. "Ịkpa ákwà" na-aka nke Sukhoi. Tupolev oru ngo e meriri n'ihi na eziokwu na ndị ahụ chọrọ ugbo elu bụ kwa arọ ya aga-eme.

Ọzọkwa, o mere Alexander Yakovlev na ya brainchild "Yak-35". N'oge ọ na-ekwu okwu, ọ gwara megide Andreya Nikolaevicha Tupoleva, na-akatọ ya mkpebi na-eme ka ụgbọelu nke aluminum. Na njedebe, ọ dịghịkwa nke ha enweghị mmeri na zoo. Machine Paul kpọrọ nkụ State Committee pụtara ihe kwesịrị ekwesị.

engine

The ụgbọelu "ịkpa ákwà" (T-4) bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Mbụ niile ya e ji mara kwụpụta ya engines. Nyere ha kpọmkwem nke igwe, ha nwere ịrụ ọma na ihe ọhụrụ ọnọdụ nke rarefied ikuku, okpomọkụ, na-eji unconventional fuels. Na mbụ ya e zubere na otu bombu T-4 ( "ịkpa ákwà") ga-enweta atọ dị iche iche engine, ma na nke ikpeazụ oge, ndị na-emepụta kpebiri na otu ihe - RD36-41. N'ime ya mmepe na-arụ ọrụ Rybinsk Design Bureau.

Nlereanya a bụ ihe kasị dị ka ndị ọzọ Soviet engine - HP-7, ẹkenam ke 1950s. RD36-41 onwem na ihe afterburner, a abụọ-ogbo tobaim na okpomọkụ sinks na 11-ogbo Compressor. All a kwere na ojiji nke ugbo elu dị ezigbo ọkụ. The engine mere fọrọ nke nta ka afọ iri. Nke a pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ mesịrị ghọọ ihe ndabere maka ndị ọzọ ụdị, nke na-egwuri a nnukwu ọrụ ke Soviet Air Force. Ha onwem Tu-144, M-17 Scout na orbital ụgbọ elu "gburugburu".

agha

Ọ dịghị dị mkpa karịa ndị engines maka ugbo elu bụ ya mgwo agha. The otu bombu nwetara hypersonic X-33 rọketi. Mbụ, ha nwere nakwa na e mepụtara na imewe Bureau Sukhoi. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na imewe nke rọketi, e zigara Dubninskaya Bureau. Mgwo agha natara kasị oge a n'oge e ji mara. Autonomous agba nwere ike ime ka lekwasịrị na a ọsọ nke 7 ugboro ọsọ nke ụda olu. N'ịbụ otụk ebe, projectile onwe ya gbakọọ ụgbọelu ụgbọelu na wakpoo ya.

Usoro akwụkwọ ndidi na-enwetụbeghị ụdị. N'ihi ya arụmọrụ rọketi nwetara ya Rada na igodo usoro, esịnede digital Mgbakọ ígwè ọrụ. Management of shei ya mgbagwoju yiri mgbagwoju nke ukwuu ime ihe nke ugbo elu.

ndị ọzọ na atụmatụ

Gịnị ọzọ dị ọhụrụ na pụrụ iche T-4? "Ịkpa ákwà" - ụgbọelu kokpiiti na-onwem na ọhụrụ egosi nke kenkwucha na nchọgharị ihe. Na mkpofu nke ndi oru ugbo bu telivishọn meziri, na-osisi radars na ohuru ha data. Ihe picture kpuchie fọrọ nke nta dum n'ụwa.

The-arụ ọrụ gụnyere a ụgbọ mmiri-ahụ maka ọrụ na pilot. Ndị mmadụ nọ na enịm ke ụlọ, nke e kewara abụọ compartments site a nkebi transverse leaky. Ụlọ okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu T-4 na ọtụtụ dị iche iche atụmatụ. Ọ dịghị na-emebu oriọna. Na supersonic ụgbọ elu review rụrụ site periscope, na mpụta na elu windo. The-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ohere suut na ikpe nke ejechi depressurization.

mbụ ngwọta

Nnukwu ọdachi "Russian ọrụ ebube" (T-4, "ịkpa ákwà") idu ke eziokwu na nke a oru ngo-a hacked ọnwụ, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ọ gụnyere ihe ndị kasị mma na oké ọchịchọ echiche nke ugbo elu. Ka ihe atụ, ndị dị otú ahụ a ngwọta bụ ojiji nke a deflectable-atụ fuselage. Ndị ọkachamara na-ekweta na-ndị dị otú ahụ otu nhọrọ n'ihi na eziokwu na projecting ọkụ na kokpiiti na elu na-agba nke 3 nde kilomita kwa hour na-aghọ nnukwu isi iyi nke na-eguzogide.

Ndị ọrụ nke imewe Bureau nwere ọgụ ike maka ha onwe ha obi ike echiche. Deflectable megide ụta ndị agha. Iji mee ka ha kwenye na ọ bụ ike na ekele na oké ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nke ule pilot Vladimir Ilyushin.

Construction nke ibuo igwe

Ule na Chassis nzukọ, nakwa dị ka mmepe nke imewe akwụkwọ nyere Bureau gawa site Igor na-elekọta. Ịmepụta ugbo elu mere na supercompressed deadlines, otú isi mmepe a na-eme ozugbo na Sukhoi Design Bureau. N'oge igwe imewe ọkachamara nwere dozie nsogbu metụtara na a ntụpọ-n'aka adiana usoro. ọzọ ule nke kwalite Chassis e rụrụ n'ihu mbido ule.

The mbụ prototype a na-akpọ "101". Mpụta akụkụ nke ya fuselage e kpọkọtara na 1969. Designers nọrọ crimping na-anwale a pressurized ụlọ na ngwá compartments. Ruo mgbe afọ abụọ na o were wuo dị iche iche na usoro, nakwa dị ka Ngwuputa engines.

ule

The mbụ prototype nke T-4 ( "ịkpa ákwà") pụtara na spring 1972. Na ụgbọ elu na ule na ya ụlọ ndị pilot Vladimir Ilyushin na ụgbọ mmiri Nicholas Alferov. Lelee ọhụrụ ugbo elu mgbe niile yigharịrị n'ihi okpomọkụ ọkụ. Burning ọhịa na peat bogs mere efu ọhụhụ nke elu-igwe n'elu airfield. Ya mere, ule malitere naanị ke mbubreyo 1972. The mbụ itoolu ọzọ gosiri na ugbo elu nwere ezigbo management, na pilot ke mkpa nke ukwuu anya ka mgbagwoju oru nkọwa. Easily idi takeoff n'akuku na inwego-apụ wee ebe were were. Siri nke osooso dị mma.

N'ihi na ndị na-emepụta, ọ dị mkpa ka anwale otú a ga-ebugharị hụrụ ụda mgbochi. The igwe nyawaa ya nwayọọ, nke bụ kpọmkwem idozi ngwaọrụ. Ke adianade do, nsogbu-free ọrụ gosiri ọhụrụ ime akara. Pụtara na obere amaghị eme: ọdịda nke haịdrọlik usoro, jamming Chassis gbawara obere ígwè tankị na mmanụ ụgbọala, wdg o sina dị, dum igwe izute niile chọrọ setịpụụrụ ya ...

Supersonic bombu T-4 ( "ịkpa ákwà") mere na agha kasị mma echiche. The Army nyere iwu 250 igwe, nke na-ndokwa iji kwadebe maka afọ ise 1975-1980. Ọ bụ a nnukwu ọzọ ndekọ maka ndị dị otú ahụ dị oké ọnụ na oge a na ụgbọala.

na-ejighị n'aka ga-eme n'ọdịnihu

Pilot ogbe-anwale, e wuru na Tushino Machine-Building Plant. Otú ọ dị, ya ike bụ ezughị na-emepụta na ugbo elu commercially. Naanị n'otu mba, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike isi die ụdị ihe iji. Ọ bụ Kazan ụgbọelu osisi, nke na n'otu oge ahụ bụ isi mmepụta isi n'ihi na imewe Tupolev. Ọdịdị nke T-4 pụtara na ụlọ ọrụ adịkwa Bureau. Tupolev na ya nchebe Peter Dementiev (Minister nke Aviation Industry) nwere ihe nile iji gbochie nke ahụ si na-eme.

N'ihi ya, akọrọ e n'ụzọ nkịtị kewapụrụ nke Kazan. The pretext maka nke a bụ mwepụta nke a ọhụrụ mgbanwe nke Tu-22. Mgbe ahụ, na mmebe kpebiri ịhapụ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke ugbo elu na niile ahụ Tushino. ruo ogologo oge na elu itieutom ha na-arụ ụka banyere ihe ọdịnihu nlereanya ugbo elu T-4 ( "ịkpa ákwà"). Of akwụkwọ, aka site na Defense Minister Andrei Grechko na 1974, ọ na-eso na niile ule nke ibuo nlereanya a ga-kwụsịtụrụ. Mkpebi a lobbied Piotr Dementyev. Ọ rụgide Minister nke Defense na-emechi ihe omume na-amalite na na Tushino factory mmepụta nku, e maka igwe mig-23.

Ọgwụgwụ nke oru ngo

September 15, 1975, nwụrụ Pavel Sukhoi ugbo elu. T-4 ( "ekwuo") bụ ya brainchild n'ụzọ nile nke okwu ahụ. Ruo n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya Isi nke Bureau na m natara a azịza doro anya site na ndi-isi na ọdịnihu nke oru ngo. Mgbe ọnwụ ya, na January 1976, Ministry of Aviation Industry nyere iwu dị ka nke mmemme "isiokwu 100" na-adịgide adịgide na-emechi. N'otu akwụkwọ Piotr Dementyev kwuru na cessation nke ọrụ na T-4 na-eme iji lekwasị anya ego na mgbalị ike a nlereanya nke Tu-160.

The ibuo sample, nke e ji mee ihe n'oge ụgbọ elu ule, e zitere Monino ngosi nka on ebighi-adọba ụgbọala. E wezụga eziokwu na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị oké ọchịchọ oru nke Soviet ụgbọelu, oge egosiwo na T-4 dị nnọọ elu na-eri (banyere 1.3 ijeri rubles).