Ọdịdị nke agbọpụta ọkụ. Iche iche na ụdị nke eruptions. Gịnị bụ a ugwu mgbawa?

The oge ochie Ndị Rom, na-ekiri si n'elu ugwu nke elu-igwe na-ahụ nwa anwụrụ ọkụ na ọkụ, kweere na ha n'ọnụ ụzọ hell, ma ọ bụ na-onwunwe nke Vulcan - chi nke smithing na ọkụ. Na nsọpụrụ nke ọkụ ya na-eku ume ugwu na-akpọ ka agbọpụta ọkụ.

N'isiokwu a anyị na-aga, ọ bụ ihe Ọdịdị nke ahụ ugwu mgbawa, na-ele anya na ya na ndagwurugwu ahụ.

Active na nwuchapu agbọpụta ọkụ

On Earth, ọtụtụ agbọpụta ọkụ, ma dormant na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Mgbawa nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ike na-ụbọchị, ọnwa, na ọbụna afọ (atụ, emi odude ke Hawaiian akipelago Kilauea ugwu mgbawa teta azụ na 1983 ma ka nwere ọrụ ya anaghị akwụsị). Mgbe ahụ, na mgbawa ugwu craters nwere ike ifriizi ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, na-ọzọ na-echetara onwe anyị ọhụrụ tọhapụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na, n'ezie, e nwere geological formations, onye ọrụ rụpụtara na anya gara aga. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'otu oge ahụ ka na-edebe a cone udi, ma olee otú kpọmkwem bụ ha ọkọ, ọ dịghị ozi. Ndị a agbọpụta ọkụ na-atụle ga-kpam. Dị ka ihe atụ bụ Mount Elbrus na Kazbek, ruo ogologo oge na kpuchie na-enwu kpụkọrọ. Na na Crimea na Trans-Baikal region na-kpamkpam eroded ma bibie agbọpụta ọkụ, ihe niile furu efu mbụ ha, udi.

Gịnị bụ agbọpụta ọkụ

Dabere na Ọdịdị, ọrụ na ọnọdụ, na geomorphology (a na-akpọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ọmụmụ kọwara geological formations) na-ekenyela onye ụdị agbọpụta ọkụ.

Ke ofụri ofụri okwu, ha na-ekewa n'ime isi ihe abụọ dị iche iche: linear na etiti. Ọ bụ ezie na, n'ezie, nke a nkewa nke ukwuu Olee ihe enyemaka, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ linear tectonic crustal mmejọ.

Ke adianade do, dị iche nwere thyroid na domed Ọdịdị nke ahụ ugwu mgbawa, nakwa dị ka a na-akpọ cinder cones na stratovolcanoes. Dị ka ha na-arụ ọrụ na a kọwara dị ka ndị ọrụ,-ajụ oyi ma ọ bụ nwuchapu, na na ọnọdụ - ka terrestrial, ụgbọ agha okpuru mmiri na subglacial.

Gịnị bụ ihe dị iche si Central linear agbọpụta ọkụ

Linear (cracks) agbọpụta ọkụ, dị ka a na-achị, na-ebili dị elu n'elu ala - ha nwere ụdị cracks. Ọdịdị nke ahụ agbọpụta ọkụ nke ụdị gụnyere ogologo ọkọnọ ọwa metụtara na miri gbawara n'etiti ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, nke agwa mmiri mmiri magma, nke nwere a basaltic mejupụtara. Ọ na-agbasa niile ntụziaka na mee, akpụ lava aga, ihicha oké ọhịa, na-ejuputa uji eze, na-ebibi osimiri na obodo.

Ọzọkwa, n'oge ihe mgbawa nke a linear ọkọ na Earth elu nwere ike ime na-agbawa agbawa olulu enwe ogologo nke ọtụtụ iri puku kwuru iri kilomita. Ke adianade do, ihe owuwu eruptions tinyere cracks icho mma ewepụghị akụ, lava ubi, sara mbara ma ewepụghị ịgba cones, radically-agbanwe odida obodo. Site n'ụzọ, isi akụrụngwa nke Iceland ọdịdị ala - bụ lava dị larịị mere n'ụzọ dị otú a.

Ọ bụrụ na magma mejupụtara bụ ihe acidic (elu silica ọdịnaya), mgbe ahụ gburugburu n'ọnụ extrusive mgbawa ugwu amụbawanye (i.e., squeezed) akụ na-enwe a rụrụ Ọdịdị.

Ọdịdị nke Central-ụdị mgbawa ugwu

Vulcan Central ụdị - bụ tapered geological guzobere nke n'elu okpueze oghere - a ezumike na-enwe udi nke a foneelu ma ọ bụ cup. Ọ bụ, na mberede, na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ kpaliri elu, dị ka na-etolite mgbawa ugwu na-ewu ya, na ya size nwere ike kpamkpam dị iche iche na tụrụ na mita ma ọ bụ kilomita.

mgbawa ugwu craters ii n'oge ihe ọkọ na pụrụ ọbụna ịbụ na mkputamkpu ugwu nke mgbawa ugwu ugwu, nke ikpe na-akpọ ha parasitic ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ.

Miri n'ime mgbawa ugwu ugwu bụ ọnụ nke na-ebili n'ime ndagwurugwu ahụ, magma. Magma - a ọkụ wụrụ awụ uka enwe ọkacha mma a silicate mejupụtara. Ọ na-mụrụ na Earth jikọrọ ọnụ, ebe ya na-elekwasị anya, ọ we n'elu, n'ụdị lava wụsara ụwa elu.

Mgbawa, na-emekarị so na ntọhapụ ezi ịgba magma nke na-etolite ash na ikuku ndi nke, ịmara na 98% mmiri. Ha na-esonyere a dịgasị iche iche nke adịghị n'ụdị flakes nke mgbawa ugwu ntụ na uzuzu.

Gịnị na-ekpebi udi nke agbọpụta ọkụ

The udi nke ugwu mgbawa na-adabere na ihe ndị mejupụtara na viscosity nke magma. Asọ asọ basalt magma Nleta a ọta (ma ọ bụ tabular) agbọpụta ọkụ. Ha na-emekarị nwere a ewepụghị udi na a nnukwu gburugburu. Ihe Nlereanya na-anọchite anya ndị a na ụdị agbọpụta ọkụ, nwere ike ije ozi dị ka a geological guzobere, emi odude ke Hawaiian Islands na a maara dị ka Mauna Loa.

Scoria cones - kasị nkịtị ụdị ugwu mgbawa. Ha na-guzobere n'oge mgbawa nke nnukwu iberibe nke porous slag, nke, na-amụbawanye, iru gburugburu oghere nke cone, na ha na-etolite a obere akụkụ nke sloping n'akụkụ ugwu. Nke a ugwu mgbawa ugwu ọ bụla na-aghọ elu. Otu ihe atụ ga-fụọ ke December 2012 na Kamchatka ugwu mgbawa Ewepụghị Tolbachik.

Structural atụmatụ nke dome na stratovolcanoes

Na ama Ugwu Etna, Ugwu Fuji na Ugwu Vesuvius gbawara - bụ ihe atụ nke stratovolcanoes. Ha na-akpọ laminates, dị ka ha na-guzobere oge regurgitates lava (viscous na ngwa ngwa solidifying) na pyroclastic ihe, nke bụ ngwakọta nke na-ekpo ọkụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ ash nkume.

N'ihi ya, ndị a na ụdị nke umu anwuru dị eruptions nwere nkọ cone na concave mkpọda, na nke ọzọ deposition data. A lava ndị si ha ọ bụghị nanị site na isi na ndagwurugwu ahụ, kamakwa site cracks mee mgbe na mkpọda na-akpụ ribbed corridors nke na-eje ozi na nkwado nye geological guzobere.

Dome agbọpụta ọkụ na-guzobere site a viscous granitic magma nke na-adịghị igba ala mkpọda, na solidifies ke n'elu, akpụ a dome nke, dị ka a okwuchi, clog vents na bouncers emecha Skopje n'okpuru, haruru. Otu ihe atụ nke a onu nwere ike ịbụ dome, nke na-kpụrụ n'elu ugwu mgbawa St. Helens na Amerịka edere (e hiwere na 1980).

Gịnị bụ caldera

The n'elu-kọwara Central agbọpụta ọkụ ndị na-emekarị conical. Ma, mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge mgbawa ugwu ndị mgbidi ụlọ ịgbada, ma si otú a kpụrụ na caldera - a nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi na ike iru ogbu puku mita na a dayameta nke ruo 16 km.

Of ị gwara na mbụ, cheta na Ọdịdị nke mgbawa ugwu na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke a nnukwu akụkụ nke adahade n'oge mgbawa nke a wụrụ awụ magma. Mgbe niile magma bụ on top, e nwere oké adabaghi n'ime ugwu mgbawa. Nke ahụ bụ kpọmkwem na ọ na ike ida n'ọnụ na mgbidi mgbawa ugwu ugwu, akpụ na n'elu-n'ókè site foduru nke kwatuo ọtụtụ kotloobraznye oghere na a dịtụ ewepụghị ike.

The kasị ibu na ụbọchị bụ Toba caldera, emi odude n'àgwàetiti Sumatra (Indonesia) kpam kpuchie na mmiri. Kpụrụ n'ụzọ dị otú a ọdọ nwere a nnọọ nnukwu size: 100/30 km na a omimi nke 500 m.

Gịnị bụ fumarole

Mgbawa ugwu craters, ha mkpọda, ụkwụ na bee ndị mma lava aga mgbe kpuchie cracks ma ọ bụ n'olulu, nke na-wetara na magma etisasịwo na-ekpo ọkụ, haruru. Ndị a bụ ndị na-akpọ fumaroles.

Na-emekarị n'elu nnukwu oghere n'ígwé ojii nke oké ọcha uzuoku, n'ihi na magma bụ, dị ka ekwuola, na ọ nwere otutu nke mmiri. Ma e wezụga ya fumaroles bụ isi iyi nke umu anwuru na carbon dioxide, dị iche iche oxides nke sọlfọ, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen halides na ndị ọzọ Chemicals na pụrụ ịbụ nnọọ ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ.

Site n'ụzọ, volcanologists kwere na-abanye n'ime Ọdịdị nke ahụ ugwu mgbawa fumaroles-eme ka ọ dị nchebe karị dị ka ndị, haruru chọta a ụzọ na adịghị akpọkọtara na ngiri-afọ-nke ugwu, na-etolite a afụ nke ga-emecha idaputa lava ka elu.

Ndị dị otú ahụ a ugwu mgbawa na-agụnye ama avachinsky, nke bụ adịghị anya site Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Anwụrụ ọkụ, gbara ya, nwere ike hụrụ na a doro anya ụbọchị maka ọtụtụ iri kilomita.

Mgbawa ugwu bombs na-gụnyere na Ọdịdị nke Ụwa agbọpụta ọkụ

Ọ bụrụ na ogologo-ajụ oyi ugwu mgbawa-apụta ìhè, mgbe ahụ mgbawa nke ya vents ofufe a na-akpọ ugwu mgbawa bombs. Ha na-agụnye gwakọtara lava nkume ma ọ bụ irighiri ihe na ikuku na sikwuo ike itu ọtụtụ tọn. Ha udi na-adabere na ihe ụdị lava mejupụtara.

Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na mmiri mmiri na lava nwere abụghị oge iji na-ajụkwa na ikuku - nke dara n'ala mgbawa ugwu bọmbụ amama n'ime a achicha. A ala viscosity basalt lava bugharia na ikuku, si otú na-ewere kpara akpa udi, ma ọ bụ ịghọ ka a spindle ma ọ bụ a ube. Viscous otu - andesite - lava iberibe bụ mgbe ada nri jikọrọ ọnụ dị ka (ha gburugburu ma ọ bụ polyhedral na kpuchie cracks netwọk).

The size nke dayameta nke mgbawa ugwu bombs nwere ike iru asaa mita, na e nwere ndị a formations na mkpọda fọrọ nke nta niile agbọpụta ọkụ.

Types of mgbawa ugwu eruptions

Dị ka a kọwara n'akwụkwọ bụ "Principles of Geology", nke na-ewere ihe owuwu ma na ụdị eruptions nke agbọpụta ọkụ, Koronovskii NV, nile di iche iche nke mgbawa ugwu owuwu kpụrụ dị iche iche eruptions. 6 ụdị guzo n'etiti ha.

1. Hawaiian ụdị ọkọ - emission nke ukwuu ọmụmụ na mobile lava, nke site na nnukwu ọta agbọpụta ọkụ na-enwe a ewepụghị udi.
2. Stramboliansky ụdị - ntọhapụ nke a ọzọ viscous lava na agabiga dị iche iche na ike ntiwapụ, na-eme a iju mmiri nke obere ụdị.
3. Plinian ụdị mara na mberede dị ike ntiwapụ nke na-ebu emission nke a nnukwu ego nke tephra (rụrụ onwunwe) na ọdịdị ya aga.
4. Peleysky ụdị ọkọ esonyere guzobe snow na kpọnwụọ ekpo ọkụ na ígwé ojii, na-uto nke extrusive domes nke viscous lava.
5. Gas ụdị - ọ bụ naanị ihe mgbawa nke iberibe okenye nkume, nke a na-ejikọta ya na gas etisasịwo ke magma, ma ọ bụ ekpo oke ọkụ n'ime ihe owuwu nke ugwu mgbawa ala.
6. Mgbawa okpomọkụ agbanwe oge. Ọ bụ yiri elu-okpomọkụ emission nke aerosol esịnede nkume ọkụ iberibe, minerals na oblomochkov mgbawa ugwu iko, gbara ya gburugburu a n'ọbọ nke gas na-egbukepụ egbukepụ. Nke a ọkọ bụ ebe nile n'oge gara aga, ma ya kemgbe hụ ndị mmadụ n'oge a.

Mgbe e nwere ndị kasị ama agbọpụta ọkụ

Afọ nke mgbawa ugwu ndị nwere ike eleghị anya ekewet ịrịba milestones na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ oge ịgbanwe weather, lara n'iyi a ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ, na ọbụna ehichapu si Earth dum mmepeanya (n'ihi na, dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbawa nke ibu ugwu mgbawa efu Minoan mmepeanya na 15 ma ọ bụ 16 c. BC. Oe).

Na 79 g nke n. e. nso Naples Vesuvius gbawara ọkọ mere, na-eli asaa mita oyi akwa nke ash nke Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia na Oplonti, na-eduga na ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ puku ndị mmadụ.

Na 1669, ọtụtụ eruptions Ugwu Etna, na 1766 - na ugwu mgbawa Mayon (Philippines) mere ka egwu mbibi na ọnwụ site lava aga puku mmadụ.

Na 1783 na ugwu mgbawa Laki, gbawara ke Iceland mere ka a ọnụ ke okpomọkụ, nke mere na 1784 na akuku odida na ụnwụ na Europe.

A ugwu mgbawa Tambora on Sumbawa agwaetiti, aza elu na 1815 ekpe maka n'afọ ọzọ dum Earth enweghị a n'oge okpomọkụ, na-ewedata okpomọkụ na ụwa 2,5 Celsius C.

Na 1991, ugwu mgbawa na Philippine n'àgwàetiti Luzon ha gbawara nwa oge, zie ya, Otú ọ dị, ugbua na 0,5 Celsius C.