Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nrụpụta nke okpomọkụ na ikuku

Joseph Black azụ na 1754 site nwetara site n'ụwa nile pụtara na mbara ikuku (ie, ikuku) mejupụtara a ngwakọta nke dị iche iche, haruru, isi nke ndị oxygen na nitrogen. O kpughekwara echiche dị otú ahụ dịka ọnụọgụ nke ikuku nke ikuku.

All ndụ ntule n'ụwa ịdị adị nke ikuku a chọrọ, kama, ikuku ndabere - oxygen. Usoro usoro oxyidation nke na-aga n'ihu na-abanye n'ime ahụ site na ikuku gburugburu, na-emepụta ike, na-enweghị nke ọ na-enweghị usoro ndụ.

Oxygen na ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ na-eme kwa ụbọchị - a tọhapụrụ n'oge combustion nke mmanụ a na-na esịtidem combustion engines - n'ibu ike. Site na nkwụsị ya, a na-emepụta gas dị mma.

The mejupụtara nke ikuku ikuku nwere ịrịba mmetụta na ndụ na ahụ ike nke onye ọ bụla. Ngwurugwu ("ziri ezi") nwere ihe ruru pasent 75 nke nitrogen, pasent 24 nke oxygen, na obere admixtures nke dị iche iche gas - methane, neon, krypton, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, wdg.

Ọnụnọ nke mmepụta mmepụta ihe, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụgbọala ndị na-ebute ọtụtụ nde nde bioparticles (aldehydes, amonia, oxides, metal) na-ekpofu ikuku, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nrụpụta okpomọkụ nke ikuku na-ebelata, nke na-emetụta anụ ahụ dị ndụ. Ntufu site na oru nke ugbo ala (n'ime ikuku nke obodo ukwu buru ihe kariri pasent 60) kacha emeru aru. Ebe nke abuo n'ihe banyere mmetọ bu ihe ndi nwere ike, ihe nke ato bu mmeputa ihe.

Isi Njirimara nke ikuku bụ ya thermal conductivity. Mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mechara nweta ọtụtụ nyocha na nkwenye, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị enwere ike ịchọpụta na ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekesa n'ụzọ atọ: okpukpu radiation (ikike ikuku ume), convection (mmegharị nke ike na-agafe site na ikuku nke ikuku na mbara igwe), mmezi nke okpomọkụ (ikpo ọkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ, Ịnabata okpomọkụ site na oyi akwa nke gas nwere okpomọkụ dị elu na obere "ọkụ" gas oyi akwa). Na usoro nke ikpo ọkụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwere ihe karịrị ike na-enyefe ya na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwere ọdịnaya ike. Njirimara ebumpụta ụwa nke ịmalite ikpo ọkụ bụ ngosipụta nke anụ ahụ nke ikuku nke ikuku. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nrụpụta thermal conductivity nke ikuku na-ekpebi site na njikọ:

Λ = -d2Qt / gt / gn * dF * dt.

Ọnụ ọnụọgụ nke ikuku nke ikuku dị na mbara igwe hà nhata ọnụego nke okpomọkụ na-agafe oge nke oge site na otu mpaghara nke ebe ndị dị ala na ọnọdụ nkwenye nke gradt = 1. A na-ewere nnukwu oge ya dị ka ruru W / (m · K).

Dabere na nsonaazụ na nnwale, a na-emepụta tebụl ederede, dịka ọ ga-esi kwe omume ịmata ọnụọgụ nke ọnụọgụ nke ikuku nke ikuku na ihe ndị ọzọ. Maka ọtụtụ ihe, ọnụọgụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nwere ike ịnọchite anya ya

Λ = λ0 * [1 + b * (t-to)],

Ebee ka λ0 bụ uru nke ọnụọgụ na-arụ ọrụ na nrụrụ na thermal na t0 = 0 degrees Celsius;

B bụ ihe a na-eme mgbe niile.

Okpomọkụ bụ kacha njọ gas. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ikpo ọkụ nke ikuku na-abawanye na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu nakwa na 0.006 ÷ 0.6 W / (m · K), ebe ọnụ ahịa elu bụ nke helium na hydrogen. Uzo ha kwesiri ime ihe kwesiri ka ha di okpukpu ise ma o bu ugbua iri karia ndi nke ozo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke okpomọkụ na-ebufe na Centigrade degrees efu bụ 0.0243 W / (m · K).

The ego nke okpomọkụ ebu site gas n'ígwé na okpomọkụ mgbanwe usoro, ma ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị iche na-anọgide na-agbanweghi agbanwe n'oge nkeji oge kpebisiri ike site maara nke ọma Fourier iwu ọkà mmụta sayensị.