Oxygen Formula. Oge table - oxygen

Chemical mmewere oxygen echekwara na nke abụọ oge VI-nke isi ìgwè nke gharazie ịba uru a obere version nke oge Isiokwu. Dị ka ọhụrụ ọnụ ụkpụrụ - bụ nke 16 otu. The kwekọrọ ekwekọ mkpebi e mere site IUPAC na 1988. Oxygen dị ka a dị mfe umi nke usoro - O _2. Tụlee isi Njirimara, ọrụ na ọdịdị na aku na uba. Anyị na-amalite na a nkọwa nke ha dum nke oge usoro, nke na-gawa site oxygen. Mmewere dị iche na nke ya congeners nwere chalcogen, na mmiri dị iche iche site hydrogen na ogige nke sọlfọ, selenium na tellurium. The nkọwa nke niile hallmarks a hụrụ, naanị ịmụta banyere ihe owuwu na Njirimara nke atọm.

Chalcogens - yiri ọcha oxygen

Yiri Njirimara nke atọm etolite a otu otu na oge usoro. Oxygen na-gawa site ndị ezinụlọ chalcogens, ma dị iche na nke ha na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Njirimara.

The atọm uka nke oxygen - nna nna otu - bụ 16 a. .. E m chalcogen ogige na guzobere hydrogen na ọla igosipụta ha nkịtị ọxịdashọn ala -2. Ihe atụ, esịnede mmiri (H ₂ O) ọxịdashọn nọmba nke oxygen bụ -2.

Mejupụtara nke typical hydrogen chalcogen ogige nke izugbe usoro: H ₂ R. The mgbasa nke a bekee na-guzobere acid. Naanị hydrogen bonding oxygen - mmiri - nwere pụrụ iche Njirimara. Dị ka nchọpụta nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, a umi bụ ihe ọhụrụ na nnọọ ike acid, na a nnọọ na-adịghị ike isi.

Sọlfọ, selenium na tellurium nwere ahụkarị mma ọxịdashọn ala (+4, +6) na ogige na oxygen na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ọla-enwe elu electronegativity (eo). Mejupụtara chalcogen oxides egosipụta general usoro: RO _2, RO _3. Ha nwere a mejupụtara kwekọrọ ekwekọ acid: H ₂ RO _3, H ₂ RO _4.

Ihe-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ndị dị mfe bekee: oxygen, sọlfọ, selenium, tellurium na polonium. Atọ ndị mbụ òtù igosipụta dara Njirimara. Oxygen Formula - About _2. Allotropic mgbanwe nke otu mmewere - ozone (O _3). Ma nsụgharị bụ, haruru. Sọlfọ na selenium - Solid na-abụghị ọla. Tellurium - metalloid umi, a eduzi eletrik, polonium - metal.

Oxygen - ihe ndị kasị ukwuu mmewere

Mkpokọta ọdịnaya nke atọm nke mmewere na Earth jikọrọ ọnụ bụ banyere 47% (site ibu). Oxygen a hụrụ na free ụdị, ma ọ bụ dị ka akụkụ nke multiple njikọ. Simple umi, onye usoro nke O ₂ bụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ikuku, emejupụta 21% ikuku (site olu). Molekụla oxygen na-etisasịwo na mmiri, ọ bụ n'etiti ala ahụ.

Anyị na-ama maara na e nwere ụdị ọzọ nke ịdị adị nke otu chemical mmewere n'ụdị a mfe umi. Nke a ozone - gas akpụ na banyere 30 km n'elu oyi akwa, mgbe mgbe, a na-akpọ ozone ihuenyo. Ibikwa oxygen abatakwa mmiri ụmụ irighiri na ọtụtụ nkume na mineral, organic ogige.

Structure oxygen atọm

Oge table nwere zuru ezu ozi banyere oxygen:

1. Oghere Usoro ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmewere - 8.
2. nuclear ụgwọ - +8.
3. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elektrọn - 8.
4. Kọmputa oxygen usoro - 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^4.

Na ọdịdị, e nwere atọ anụ isotopes, nke nwere otu usoro ọgụgụ na oge Isiokwu, ihe yiri mejupụtara nke protons na electrons, ma a dị iche iche ọnụ ọgụgụ nke neutrons. Isotopes na-denoted site n'otu akara - O. N'ihi na ha tụnyere chaatị egosi mejupụtara nke atọ oxygen isotopes:

Njirimara nke oxygen - a chemical mmewere

On 2p sublevel atọm nwere ihe abụọ unpaired electrons, nke na-akọwa ọdịdị nke ọxịdashọn -2 na +2. Abụọ paired electrons nwere ike Akwụpụla, na ogo ọxịdashọn ụba anọ dị ka sọlfọ na ndị ọzọ chalcogenides. Ihe kpatara - enweghị free sublayer. Ya mere, ogige nke chemical mmewere anaghị igosipụta oxygen valence na ọxịdashọn ala hà otu nọmba na obere version nke oge usoro (6). Nkezi ọxịdashọn nọmba bụ -2 maka ya.

Naanị na fluorine ogige egosipụta oxygen uncharacteristic mma ọxịdashọn steeti +2 maka ya. Eo uru nke abụọ dị iche iche na-eme nonmetals: EA (D) = 3.5; Ee (F) = 4. Dị ka a ọzọ electronegative mmewere, fluoro ike retains ya valence electrons na-adọta ndị ahụ na mpụga ike larịị nke oxygen atọm. Ya mere, na mmeghachi omume na fluorine ọ bụ oxygen mbenata gị n'ụlọnga na-efunari electrons.

Oxygen - a dị mfe umi

D. English nchọpụta Priestley na 1774 na N'ezie nke nwere mata gas site decomposition nke mercury oxide. Afọ abụọ tupu mgbe, otu umi ya dị ọcha ụdị bụ K. Scheele. Naanị afọ ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị, na French mmiri ọgwụ Antoine Lavoisier chọpụtara na gas bụ a akụkụ nke ikuku, ma na-amụ Njirimara. Chemical oxygen usoro - O _2. Egosipụta Ndekọ mejupụtara okwu electrons na-ekere òkè n'usoro nke a na-abụghị pola covalent nkekọ - O O ::. Dochie bụla bonding elektrọn ụzọ na otu akara: O = O. Dị otú ahụ oxygen usoro doro anya na-egosi na atọm na molekul na-jikọrọ abụọ nkịtị elektrọn ụzọ abụọ.

Igosi dị mfe mgbawa ma na-ekpebi ihe bụ ikwu molekụla uka nke oxygen: Mr (O ₂₎ = Ar (O) x 2 = 16 x 2 = 32. N'ihi na ha tụnyere: Mr (. Air) = 29. Oxygen Chemical usoro iche na ozone otu oxygen atọm. N'ihi ya, Mr (O ₃₎ = Ar (O) x 3 = 48. Ozone na oxygen bụ 1.5 ugboro arọ.

nkịtị Njirimara

Oxygen - a gas enweghị agba, uto na isi (na ọkọlọtọ okpomọkụ na mgbali hà ikuku mgbali). Umi bụ ubé arọ karịa ikuku; soluble na mmiri, ma obere obere. Agbaze ebe oxygen na-adịghị mma na bụ -218,3 Celsius C. The mgbe na nke mmiri mmiri oxygen converted azụ n'ime gas - bụ ya esi okpomọkụ. N'ihi na O ₂ irighiri uru nke anụ ahụ a buru ibu esịmde -182,96 Celsius C. The mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike oxygen na-aghọ a ìhè-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba.

Inweta oxygen na laabu

Mgbe ewe iwe, oxygen-nwere bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka potassium permanganate, na-ekenyela a colorless gas nke nwere ike ikpokọta na a karama ma ọ bụ tube. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme dị ọcha oxygen ọwa udo, ọ na-agbakwa ihe gbaa karịa na ikuku. Abụọ ọzọ laabu usoro amị oxygen - decomposition nke hydrogen peroxide na potassium chlorate (potassium chlorate). Tụlee circuit ngwaọrụ, nke na-eji maka thermal decomposition.

Na a ule tube ma ọ bụ a gburugburu-bottomed karama dị mkpa ka ọ wụsa a obere potassium chlorate, mechie igbochi na a gas tinyekwa tube. Ya na-abụghị ọgwụgwụ ga-eziga (mmiri n'okpuru osimiri) nọdụ isi n'ala na karama. The olu kwesịrị ịhapụ na a iko ma ọ bụ ebu jupụtara na mmiri. Mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ oxygen na-ahapụ tube chlorate nnu. Dị ka ọ na-abanye na Alụlụụ tube n'ime karama, displacing mmiri si na ya. Mgbe bọlbụ jupụtara gas, ya mechiri emechi mmiri n'okpuru osimiri stoppered nọdụ. Nwetara a laabu nnwale, oxygen ike ga-eji na-amụ chemical Njirimara nke mfe umi.

ọkụ

Ọ bụrụ na laabu emezu na combustion nke bekee na oxygen, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na-soro ọku ụkpụrụ. Hydrogen na-combusted instantaneously na ikuku, weere na oxygen na a ruru nke 2: 1, ọ bụ na-agbawa agbawa. bekee combustion dị ọcha oxygen bụ ihe ndị ọzọ sie ike karịa na ikuku. Nke a na-kọwara site onu nke ikuku mejupụtara. Oxygen na ikuku bụ obere ihe karịa 1.5 akụkụ (21%). Combustion - a mmeghachi omume bekee na oxygen, ma na-akpata dị iche iche na ngwaahịa, tumadi oxides nke ọla na nonmetals. Oxidising ngwakọta nke O ₂ na flammable bekee, ke adianade do, n'ihi ogige nwere ike ịbụ na-egbu egbu.

Combustion ot kandụl (ma ọ bụ ọkụ) esonyere guzobe carbon dioxide. Ndị na-esonụ nnwale nwere ike rụrụ n'ụlọ. Ọ bụrụ na umi-ọku n'okpuru a iko ite ma ọ bụ a nnukwu cup, na combustion ga-akwụsị ozugbo niile oxygen na-gwusia. Nitrogen anaghị akwado na-eku ume na combustion. Carbon dioxide - ọxịdashọn ngwaahịa - agaghịkwa mkpatụ na oxygen. Uzo limewater nwere ike ịchọpụta ọnụnọ nke carbon dioxide n'elu-ere ọkụ kandụl. Ọ bụrụ na combustion ngwaahịa gabiga calcium hydroxide, ihe ngwọta na-aghọ urukpuru. Chemical mmeghachi omume na-adị n'etiti lime mmiri na carbon dioxide, enwetara unyi anaghị agbasa na calcium carbonate.

Nkwadebe nke oxygen na ihe ulo oru ọnụ ọgụgụ

The ọnụ ala usoro, nke ụmụ irighiri na-nwetara free nke ikuku O _2, metụtara arụ chemical Jeremaya mere. Na ụlọ ọrụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, na ígwè mills, ikuku na ala okpomọkụ ma na elu nsogbu gasị. Ndị ahụ bụ isi ikuku mmiri dị ka oxygen na nitrogen, obụpde na dị iche iche okpomọkụ. Ikewapụ ikuku ngwakọta na gradual okpomọkụ ka ihere okpomọkụ. Akpa, nitrogen ụmụ irighiri na-na-akwanyere ùgwù, na mgbe ahụ oxygen. The usoro nke nkewa dabeere na dị iche iche na-ahụ Njirimara nke mfe bekee. Formula mfe umi nke oxygen bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka ọ bụ n'ihu jụrụ na liquefaction nke ikuku, - O _2.

N'ihi ya, ụfọdụ n'ime electrolysis Jeremaya mere, kwa, oxygen, na-anakọtara na kwekọrọ ekwekọ electrode. Gas mkpa nke ulo oru mbo, na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ na nnukwu mpịakọta. Oxygen ina bụ mgbe niile na-eto eto, karịsịa kwesịrị ya na-chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Echekwara ngwaahịa gas maka ulo oru na ọgwụ na nzube ígwè cylinders, onwem na a na-akanye. An oxygen tank ntụpọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ anụnụ anụnụ na agba ka ọ dị iche na ndị ọzọ liquified gas - nitrogen, methane, amonia.

Chemical mgbawa dabeere formulas na arụmarụ nke Jeremaya mere metụtara O ₂ irighiri

Space uru nke ezengwenri uka nke oxygen na-ekwekọ n'àgwà ọzọ ibu - ikwu molekụla uka. Naanị na nke mbụ ahụ, e nwere nkeji. Nkenke usoro oxygen umi na ya molekụla ibu ga-dere dị ka: M (O ₂₎ = 32 g / mol. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ ahumachi nke ọ bụla gas olu kwekọrọ na 22,4 lita. N'ihi ya, 1 mol nke O ₂ - bụ 22,4 lita umi 2 ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ O ₂ - 44,8 lita. Dị ka akụkụ nke mmeghachi omume n'etiti hydrogen na oxygen nwere ike hụrụ na-eme 2 ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke hydrogen na otu ahumachi nke oxygen:

Ọ bụrụ na ndị play nke mmeghachi omume nke 1 mol nke hydrogen, ndị oxygen ego nke 0,5 mol • 22,4 l / mol = 11.2 lita.

The ọrụ nke O ₂ ụmụ irighiri na ọdịdị na ndụ mmadụ

The oxygen gwusia site ndụ ntule na Earth, na a na-ekesa nke bekee na ngafe nke 3 ijeri afọ. Nke a bụ isi umi maka respiration na metabolism, ọ nwere ike na-amalite irekasị nri ụmụ irighiri synthesized site ahụ mkpa ike. Oxygen bụ mgbe niile iwesa ke n'ụwa, ma ya mee na-replenished site photosynthesis. Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị K. Timiryazev kweere na ruru ka a usoro e ka ndụ na mbara ụwa anyị.

Great bụ ọrụ nke oxygen na ọdịdị na aku na uba:

• etinye obi gị dum n'oge respiration ndụ ntule;
• abuana ke Jeremaya mere, nke photosynthesis na osisi;
• akụkụ nke organic molekul;
• ire ere Filiks, gbaa ụka, rusting ime na òkè nke oxygen na-eje ozi dị ka oxidant;
• eji maka njikọ nke organic ngwaahịa.

The gasị oxygen cylinders na-eji n'ihi na ọnwụ na ịgbado ọkụ ọla na elu okpomọkụ. Ndị a Filiks na-rụrụ ke igwe-ụlọ na osisi, na njem na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ. N'ihi na ọrụ n'okpuru mmiri, ala, na elu elu na a agụụ ndị mmadụ na-mkpa na O ₂ molekul. Oxygen tankị na-eji nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-eme ka mejupụtara nke ikuku kuru site ndị na-arịa ọrịa. Gas maka ọgwụ nzube, ji fọrọ nke nta ezu enweghị technical adịghị, ísì ụtọ.

Oxygen - zuru okè oxidizer

Mara oxygen compound na niile chemical ọcha nke oge table, ma e wezụga na nke mbụ nnọchiteanya nke ndị ezinụlọ obere, haruru. Ọtụtụ bekee ozugbo-eme na oxygen atọm, ewepu halogens, gold na platinum. Nke dị oké mkpa bụ phenomena metụtara oxygen, nke na-ebu ntọhapụ nke ìhè na okpomọkụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks na-n'ọtụtụ ebe ke ufọk na ụlọ ọrụ. The metal ores imeghachi omume na oxygen na-akpọ firing. Nga-ala ore na-weere na oxygen-mma ikuku. Na okpomọkụ na mgbake nke ọla si sulfide mfe bekee. N'ihi ya nwetara ígwè na ụfọdụ ndị na-abụghị ferrous ọla. Ọnụnọ nke dị ọcha oxygen enhances ọnụego nke mmepụta Filiks ke iche iche alaka nke onwu, engineering na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè.

Ọdịdị nke a ọnụ ala usoro nke na-amị oxygen si ikuku site na nkewa n'ime ya mmiri na ala okpomọkụ, edemede na mmepe nke ọtụtụ ebe nke ulo oru mmepụta. Chemists kwere molekul O ₂ O atọm ezigbo oxidizing mmadụ. Ndị a bụ ndị eke ihe, ha na-mgbe niile ọhụrụ na ọdịdị, adịghị mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ke adianade do, chemical Jeremaya mere metụtara oxygen mgbe akwụsị na a njikọ nke ọzọ eke na-adịghị ize ndụ ngwaahịa - mmiri. The ọrụ nke O ₂ na mwepụ nke na-egbu egbu ulo oru mkpofu mmiri ọcha adịghị. Ọzọkwa oxygen na-eji maka disinfection nke ya allotropic mgbanwe - ozone. Nke a dị mfe umi nwere elu oxidizing ọrụ. Mgbe mmiri ozonization amalite irekasị pollutants. Ozone bụkwa detrimental utịp ke pathogenic microflora.