Physics Faraday: biography, oghere

English physics Maykl Faradey, bụ onye tolitere na a n'ezinụlọ dara ogbenye, bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu ọkà mmụta sayensị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ. Ya gbara ọkpụrụkpụ e mere n'oge a mgbe sayensi a ọtụtụ ndị na-mụrụ na ùgwù ezinụlọ. N'aha ya, aha ya bụ unit nke capacitance - farad.

Faraday (physics): a obere biography

Maykl Faradey a mụrụ September 22, 1791 na London, UK isi obodo. Ọ bụ ya bụ nwa nke atọ nke James na Margaret Faraday. Nna ya bụ onye uzú, bụ onye na-arịa ọrịa. Tupu alụmdi na nwunye, nne ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a odibo. Ezinụlọ bi na ịda ogbenye.

13 afọ Michael gara obodo akwụkwọ, ebe ọ natara ya bụ isi akwụkwọ. Iji nyere ezinụlọ, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ Bookshop ozi. Ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nwata masịrị ya na-arụrụ ọrụ. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị-akwalite amụ ọrụ bookbinder.

Adịgide adịgide na sayensị

Maykl Faradey chọrọ ịmatakwu banyere ụwa; ya na ọ bụghị nanị na mweghachi nke akwụkwọ. Mgbe assiduous ọrụ kwa ụbọchị, ọ nọrọ ya nile free oge na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya.

Nke nta nke nta ọ chọpụtara na ghọrọ ndị nwere mmasị na sayensị. Ọ mmasị karịsịa akwụkwọ abụọ:

• "Encyclopedia Britannica" - na-enye ya ihe ọmụma nke ọkụ eletrik na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.
• "Mkparịta ụka na Chemistry" - 600 peeji nke banyere onwu na ihe ịgụ akụkọ chepụtara Dzheyn Marse.

Ọ ama akpaliwo mmasị na ọ malitere na-eji akụkụ nke ha obere enwetakwa na Chemicals na akụrụngwa iji gosi eziokwu nke ihe a na-agụ.

Ịmụba ha ihe ọmụma sayensị, ọ nụrụ na ndị a ma ama ọkà mmụta sayensị Dzhon Tatum na-aga inye a usoro nke okwu ihu ọha na eke na nkà ihe ọmụma (physics). Ịga okwu nwere akwụ ego nke otu shilling - ukwuu n'ihi na Michael Faraday. Ya nwoke tọrọ, uzú, masịrị na-eto eto na-asọpụrụ sayensị, nwanne ya nyere ya mkpa nchikota.

Maruuru Hamfri Devi

Faraday were ọzọ nzọụkwụ n'ebe sayensị mgbe William Dance, na-ere akwụkwọ ahịa jụrụ Michael ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere ihe ọ bụla ọchịchọ na-tiketi ka a okwu ihu ọha na ndị Royal Institution.

Nkụzi, Sir Hamfri Devi, bụ otu n'ime ụwa kasị ama ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke oge ahụ. Faraday jumped na ohere ma leta anọ okwu na otu n'ime ndị ọhụrụ mbipụta nke onwu - mkpebi siri ike nke acidity. Ọ na-ele nwere, nke e duziri na Davy na nkuzi.

Ọ bụ a ụwa nke ọ ga-adị ndụ. Faraday edetu, na ahụ ji mee ọtụtụ mgbakwunye na-ekwu na mere a 300-page odide, nke o gbagọrọ na Davy zitere a-iriba-ama nke ekele.

N'oge a na azụ yad nke na-ere akwụkwọ, Michael malitere iduziri ihe ọkaibe nwere ịmepụta otu electric batrị nke mkpụrụ ego ọla kọpa na zinc diski iche iche site na mmiri nnu akwụkwọ. Ọ na-eji ya maka Ihere chemical bekee, dị ka magnesium sulfate. A na ubi nke onwu Hamfri Devi bụ ọsụ ụzọ.

Na October 1812 dechara obu Faraday, o wee malite na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a bookbinder ọzọ na-arụrụ ọrụ, nke ọ hụrụ adịghị amasị.

Ọ gaghị abụ ihe a baara m uru

Na e nwere a obi ụtọ oge maka Faraday. N'ihi nke a na-emezughị nnwale Hamfri Devi unan: ya nwa oge na-emetụta ikike ya dee. Michael bụ ike maka ụbọchị ole na ole na-ndekọ nke Davy, echiche akwụkwọ ahụ, nke o zitere.

Mgbe obere oge nke na-arụ ọrụ biri nnyemaaka, ọkà mmụta sayensị Faraday zitere a dee na-arịọ ya iku otu nnyemaaka. Obere oge, otu n'ime technicians Davy e chụọ n'ọrụ maka rụrụ arụ, na Humphrey jụrụ Michael, ọ bụghị ka ọ bụrụ ya ga na-ohere iputa oche.

Ọ bụrụ na ọ chọrọ na-arụ ọrụ ndị Royal Institution na otu n'ime ndị kasị ama ọkà mmụta sayensị na ụwa? Ọ bụ a-akpali echiche ajụjụ.

Careers na Royal Institute

Faraday were onodu March 1, 1813, ke edide isua 21 afọ.

Ọ na-ọma ugwo na ekenyela anọ na n'uko ụlọ nke Royal Institute. Michael ezigbo ụtọ, na ya mmekọrịta na alụmdi gakwaghị na-etre maka afọ 54, bụ nke o jisiri ibu a prọfesọ nke onwu.

Faraday ọrụ bụ iji dozie ngwá n'ihi na-eduzi nwere na nkuzi na Royal Institution. Ná mmalite, ọ si na-emeso ndị nitrogen trichloride, ihe mgbawa nke na-mkpasasị uche Davy. Michael, kwa, mgbe ọzọ gbawara nkenke tụbọrọ, na mgbe Humphrey e merụrụ ahụ ọzọ, nwere na nke a compound e kwụsịrị.

Mgbe 7 ọnwa nke-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ Royal Institution Davy Faraday O we kuru na a njem nke Europe, nke e kere dị ka ọnwa 18. N'oge a, Michael ike izute oké ọkà mmụta ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka Andre-Marie Ampere na Paris na Alessandro Volta na Milan. Na a uche, njem dochie anya ya na mahadum ogo - Faraday mụtara ọtụtụ ihe n'oge a.

Kasị nke tour, Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị obi ụtọ, n'ihi na mgbakwunye na nnyocha na odeakwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ bụ na-eje ozi Davy na nwunye ya. The nwunye nke ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle ya hà Faraday n'ihi na nke si malite.

On ya laghachiri London, ihe niile dabara ebe. Royal Institute maliteghachiri Michael nkwekọrịta na ụba ya ụgwọ ọrụ. Davy ọbụna malitere banyere enyemaka ya na nkà mmụta sayensị akwụkwọ.

Na 1816, mgbe ọ dị afọ 24, Faraday nyere ya mbụ okwu ihu ọha banyere Njirimara nke okwu. Ọ ẹkenịmde ke City nkà ihe ọmụma Society. Mgbe ke "Quarterly sayensị bụ", o bipụtara ya mbụ na nkà mmụta sayensị akwụkwọ na analysis of calcium hydroxide.

Na 1821, na afọ nke afọ 29 Faraday e-akwalite isi nke ugbo na laabu nke Royal Institute. N'otu afọ ọ lụrụ Sarah Barnard. Michael na nwunye ya bi na ulo akwukwo ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ afọ 46, ọ bụ agaghịkwa na n'uko na a ala ụlọ ahụ e ugboro ji site Hamfri Devi.

Na 1824 biography nke Faraday (physics) ji ya nhoputa ndi ochichi ka a so na Royal Society. Ọ bụ a ude nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ a dị ịrịba ama ọkà mmụta.

Na 1825 Faraday physics ghọrọ director nke laabu.

Na 1833 ọ ghọrọ onye na Fuller prọfesọ nke onwu na Royal Institution of Great Britain. Faraday, a ọkwá ọ ẹkenịmde ruo ọnwụ ya.

Na 1848 na 1858, a gwara ya gaba na Royal Society, ma ọ jụrụ.

na nkà mmụta sayensị rụzuru

Kọwaa chọpụtara nke Faraday na physics, na-achọ ihe karịrị otu akwụkwọ. Ọ bụghị site ohere Albert Eynshteyn n'ọfịs ya wee na-ahụ na foto na atọ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị: Isaaka Nyutona, James Maxwell na Michael Faraday.

Oddly ezu, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge ndụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere iji okwu "physics", ya onwe ya mere na-amasị ya, na ọ na-akpọ onwe ya a ọkà ihe ọmụma. Faraday otu nwoke, bụ ndị gara nchoputa site nwere, na ọ maara na ọ dịghị mgbe renounced echiche nke bịara ekele na nkà mmụta sayensị nsinammuo.

Ọ bụrụ na o chere na echiche bụ ọnụ ahịa ya, ọ nọgidere na-enwe ịchọpụta, n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ihe ndọghachi azụ, na ọ na-erubeghị tụrụ anya ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ma kwenyesiri ike na mama Nature pụtara ya na-ezighị ezi, nke na-eme nnọọ adịkarịghị.

Ya mere Faraday chọpụtara na physics? Lee ụfọdụ n'ime ya kasị dị ịrịba ama rụzuru.

1821: chọpụtara nke akpa adiana

Ọ bụ a-eweta ihe mesịrị ada e kere eke nke ihe electric moto. Oghere dabeere na ozizi Oersted magnetik Njirimara nke wires site na nke eletrik aga.

1823: gas liquefaction na friji

Na 1802, Dzhon Dalton aro na niile, haruru nwere ike gasị na ala okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ elu nrụgide. Physics Faraday gosipụtara ya empirically. Ọ mbụ tụgharịa chlorine na amonia na mmiri mmiri.

Liquid amonia ka nwere mmasị n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na, dị ka e kwuru site Maykl Faradey, na physics nke ya evaporation akpata jụrụ. Ụkpụrụ nke obi jụrụ site evaporation wuru e gosipụtara ya n'ihu ọha site William Cullen Edinburgh 1756 na The Scientific na a mgbapụta budara ihe mgbali na karama na ether, nke rụpụtara na ya ngwa ngwa evaporation. Nke a mere ka obi jụrụ, na n'èzí nke weta ite ikuku mmiri kpụrụ ice.

Mkpa nke oghere nke Faraday bụ na n'ibu nfuli nwere ike tọghata gas na mmiri mmiri na ụlọ okpomọkụ. Mgbe ahụ ikusi mmiri mmiri, obi jụrụ gburugburu, ndị na-emepụta gas nwere ike ikpokọta na abịakọrọ site a mgbapụta n'ime a mmiri mmiri ọzọ, ugboro okirikiri. Nke a bụ otú a friji na friza na-agba ọsọ.

Na 1862 na World ngosi na London, Ferdinand Carre gosiri ụwa mbụ azụmahịa igwe n'ihi na mmepụta nke ice. Ke igwe dị ka obi jụrụ mmiri mmiri amonia na-eji, na ọ na-emepụta ice na a ọnụego nke 200 kg kwa awa.

1825: chọpụtara nke benzene

Kemgbe ụwa, na benzene aghọwo otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa bekee na onwu, na a bara uru echiche, ie ọ na-eji ike ọhụrụ ihe, na usoro iwu - .. N'ihi na nghọta nke chemical nkekọ. Scientist chọpụtara benzene na mmanu mmanu fọduru gas mmepụta maka ọkụ ke London.

1831: Faraday iwu, usoro, physics nke akpa itinye n'ọkwa

Nke a bụ ihe dị ezigbo mkpa chọpụtara maka ọdịnihu nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ. Faraday Iwu (Physics) na-enye na nwetụ ndọta induces ihe eletrik na circuit, na na site electromotive ike bụ ihe ra nrata nye ọnụego mgbanwe nke magnetik agbanwe oge. Onye nke ya na o kwere omume Ndenye | E | = | dΦ / Dt |, ebe E - EMF na F - agbanwe agbanwe oge.

Ka ihe atụ, na-akpụ akpụ tinyere a akpukponu inyinya magnet waya na-arụpụta ihe ọkụ ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ na ije nke magnet-eme magnetik nwetụ ubi. Tupu a naanị iyi nke ike bụ batrị. Maykl Faradey, oghere na nke physics gosiri na ije nwere ike converted n'ime ọkụ eletrik, ma ọ bụ, na ndị ọzọ n'usoro okwu sayensị, na kinetic ike nwere ike converted n'ime ọkụ eletriki ike, si otú mara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị ike na anyị ụlọ anyị taa na-mere dị nnọọ ka a edumbet.

Adiana (kinetic ike) na converted n'ime ọkụ eletrik site na iji akpa itinye n'ọkwa. A adiana, n'aka nke ya, na-enwetara site na ihe nke elu-mgbali uzuoku tobaim eme ike nke coal, gas ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri akụkụ, ma ọ bụ na mmiri mgbali na hydroelectric ma ọ bụ ikuku na ifufe ike osisi.

1834: iwu nke electrolysis

Faraday physics mere a isi onyinye e kere eke nke a ọhụrụ sayensị nke electrochemistry. Ọ na-akọwa ihe na-eme ókè-ala nke electrode ngalaba na ionized okwu. Ekele Electrochemistry anyị na-eji lithium-ion batrị na batrị, udia oge a mobile technology. Faraday iwu ndị dị mkpa maka nghọta anyị electrode Jeremaya mere.

1836: mepụtara na echebekwa ulo

Physics Faraday chọpụtara na mgbe ihe ọkụ eduzi a na ebubo, ọ bụla ngafe ụgwọ accumulates na elu n'akuku-ya. Nke a pụtara na n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ onu mere si a metal, ihe ọzọ ụgwọ adịghị egosi. Dị ka ihe atụ, a onye yi a uwe Faraday, t. E. With a metal lining, ọ bụghị gụrụ mpụga ọkụ eletrik. Na mgbakwunye na-echebe ndị mmadụ Faraday onu ga-eji na eletriki ma ọ bụ electrochemical nwere mwute dị na mpụga na nnyonye anya. Ekpuchi-ulo nwekwara ike ike nwụrụ anwụ zones maka mobile nkwukọrịta.

1845 oghere nke Faraday mmetụta - magneto-ngwa anya mmetụta

Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa nnwale ndị mere nke sayensị bụ ahụmahụ maka oge mbụ si gosi na ihe njikọ nke electromagnetism na ìhè, nke na 1864 e n'ụzọ zuru ezu kọwara nke arụmarụ nke James Ọdee Maxwell. Physics Faraday hụrụ na ìhè bụ ihe akpa ife nke "Mgbe abụghị magnetik okporo osisi ndị na otu akụkụ, ọ nwere mmetụta ekewasị ìhè, nke si otú akọwaputa njikọ dị n'etiti magnetik ike na ìhè ...

1845 chọpụtara nke diamagnetism ka Njirimara nke niile okwu

Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ maara ferromagnetism na atụ nke ot nju. Faraday (physics) chọpụtara na niile bekee diamagnetic - na ọtụtụ n'ime ha ubé, ma e nwekwara ike. Diamagnetism bụ na ncherita-ntụziaka nke etinyere ndọta. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na ị na-edebe n'ebe ugwu osisi nwere ike diamagnetic ihe onwunwe, ọ ga-abụ a mmalite. Diamagnetism na ihe mere ezigbo oge a nju nwere ike iji nweta levitation. Ọbụna ndụ e kere eke dị ka awọ, bụ diamagnetic na ike hover na a siri ike ndọta.

njedebe

Maykl Faradey, na physics onye nchoputa nwee oké mgbanwe na nkà mmụta sayensị, nwụrụ na August 25, 1867 na London na afọ nke 75 afọ. Nwunye ya Sarah biri aba. Di na nwunye enweghi umu. Ná ndụ ya na ọ bụ okpukpe kpọrọ ihe Christian ma bụ na a obere Protestant otu sandemaniantsev.

N'oge ndụ Faraday a kpọrọ olili na Westminster Abbey tinyere ndị eze na Queens of Great Britain na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ka Isaac Newton. Ọ jụrụ maka a ọzọ obi umeala na ememe. N'ili ya, nke a na-eli Sarah, nwere ike na Highgate na-eli ozu na London.