Pituitary: homonụ na ọrụ. The pituitary gland na ọrụ ya na ahu

Pituitary (pituitary gland ma ọ bụ ala abụba ụbụrụ) - bụ ihe endocrine ngwa, nke na-emi odude ke ukot nke ụbụrụ. More kpọmkwem, na ala n'elu ya, a n'akpa uwe na ọkpụkpụ, nke a na-akpọ ndị Turkish sadulu. Nke a ígwè na nwoke a nnọọ obere size of banyere a agwa bụ a okirikiri guzobere erikpu naanị 0,5 c. Ma, n'agbanyeghị na ndị dị otú ahụ a obere size, ọrụ nke homonụ-emepụta site na pituitary gland, ha dị ọtụtụ.

The pituitary gland. Homonụ na ọrụ

Nke a obere gland bụ isi ngwa nke anyị dum endocrine usoro. The homonụ na ọ na-arụpụta, na-emetụta ndị na-esonụ aru ọrụ:

• amụba;
• metabolism;
• ibu.

Ọrụ na pituitary homonụ na ọ na-arụpụta, nwere njikọ chiri anya. Iji ihe juputara ichoputa a nke, tụlee-amalite ewu a endocrine gland.

The pituitary gland. Structure na ọrụ nke pituitary

Ọ mejupụtara atọ isi akụkụ: na n'ihu, n'azụ na márá, nke dị iche na ha si na Ọdịdị. The pituitary gland amalite na-etolite na nwa na 4-5 izu nke nwa ebu n'afọ na mmepe. Ihu n'ọnụ ọnụ ya epithelial n'elu kpụrụ si a n'azụ mgbidi nke onu uji eze, na-akpọ Rathke si obere akpa, dị ka a obere elongated outgrowth. N'oge na-amalite amalite na mmepe, ọ na-etolite na ntụziaka nke diencephalon.

Posterior n'ọnụ ọnụ kpụrụ ubé e mesịrị ka n'ihu diencephalon ụjọ anụ ahụ, ebe ndị a òkè ma sonyere. Ka e mesịrị kpụrụ na etiti n'ọnụ ọnụ nke pituitary. Ọ mejupụtara a mkpa oyi akwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ. All atọ pituitary nnoo iche iche secretory glands, na onye ọ bụla nke ha na-arụpụta ya homonụ. The pituitary gland (homonụ na ọrụ) na-ewe a ukwuu na nke dum endocrine usoro mmadụ.

Prehypophysis

Nke a nta a na-akpọ adenohypophysis na nnukwu nke prostate (70%). Ọ mejupụtara iche iche iche iche nke endocrine gland mkpụrụ ndụ. Onye ọ bụla ụdị cell na-arụpụta ya òkè nke hormone. Ndị a endocrine mkpụrụ ndụ na-akpọ adenocytes. E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị adenocytes: chromophilic na chromophobe, ndị na ndị ọzọ na homonụ na-synthesized:

• Thyroid na-akpali akpali hormone (TSH) - maka secretory ọrụ nke thyroid gland.
• Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) - akpali adrenal cortex.
• Gonadotropic homonụ, nke na-agụnye follicle na-akpali akpali na luteinizing homonụ (FSH, LH), maka na omumu ọrụ.
• Uto hormone (GH) - maka ibu, ya akpali decomposition nke abụba, protein njikọ na mkpụrụ ndụ na guzobere glucose.
• Luteotrophic hormone ma ọ bụ prolactin, nke achịkwakwa ndị pụta ụwa na-elekọta ụmụ, lactation, metabolism na uto n'ibu.

Pituitary homonụ - ha n'ahụ ọrụ ahụ mmadụ dị ọtụtụ.

somatotropin

Uto hormone (ma ọ bụ HGH) na-emepụta na-adịghị na-adịgide adịgide-atụfu ya na-eme naanị 3-4 ugboro n'ụbọchị. Ya secretion abawanye ịrịba n'oge na-ehi ụra, na-arọ anụ ahụ exertion na n'oge na-ebu ọnụ. Development nke a hormone na-nọgidere na-enwe n'oge a ndụ mmadụ, kama na-ukwuu belata na afo. N'okpuru nduzi nke ibu hormone na mkpụrụ ndụ cleaves abụba na carbohydrates. N'ihi ya, n'okpuru nduzi nke somatomedins emepụta imeju, mụbara cell nkewa na protein njikọ, si otú ọkpụkpụ uto pụtara.

Ọ bụrụ na njikọ nke ibu hormone, maka ihe ọ bụla na ihe mere, bụ ezughi oke, ọ na-amalite dwarfism. Ebe niile otosịrị iru-echekwara ahụ, ahụ, na-emekarị nkịtị. N'ihi ya, ọdịda nke pituitary gland na-emetụta elu nke onye ahụ.

Oké secretion nke ibu hormone na-akpata gigantism. Ọ bụrụ na hypersecretion n'akparamagwa na nwata, ihe niile n'ike-n'ike nke ahụ ahụ na-echekwara, na toro enwekwukwa mmepụta ọ na-akpata acromegaly. Ọ na-egosi disproportionate ogologo aka na ụkwụ, na-amụba imi na agba, nakwa dị ka asụsụ na niile digestive akụkụ.

Thyroid na-akpali akpali hormone (TSH)

Nke a hormone achịkwakwa ọrụ nke thyroid gland. Mmụọ e secretion nke triiodothyronine na thyroxine. Ọ activates enzyme adenylate cyclase, nke na-emetụta ndị uptake nke ayodiin na thyroid mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọzọkwa, n'okpuru ihe nke TSH a rụrụ protein metabolism: ụba mmepụta nke nucleic acid na protein njikọ, enwekwukwa uto na ụba size of thyroid mkpụrụ ndụ.

Njikọ TTG ike na-eto eto n'okpuru nduzi nke oyi. The oyi mmeghachi omume enwekwu mmepụta nke thyroid homonụ, ọ na-eduga ukwuu guzobere ahụ okpomọkụ. Glucocorticoids ike inhibit mmepụta nke TSH, otu ihe na-eme n'okpuru nduzi nke ná Nkụnwụ Ahụ, mgbu mmeghachi omume ma ọ bụ mmerụ.

Oké secretion nke TSH egosipụta adakarị mgbaàmà nke hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism).

Adenokortikotropny hormone

ACTH na-synthesized evenly ofụri usen. The kasị elu ịta bụ ụtụtụ si 6,00 ka 8.00 awa, nke kacha nta - na mgbede site 18,00 ka 23,00. ACTH achịkwakwa njikọ nke corticosteroids, nke na-tọhapụrụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ nke adrenal cortex. The secretion nke corticosteroids enwekwu na mmetụta uche ndị siri na-ekwu, dị ka ịtụ ụjọ, iwe, adịghị ala ala nchegbu. N'ihi ya, ACTH ozugbo emetụta mmetụta uche mmadụ. N'otu aka ahụ ACTH njikọ na-enwekwukwa ike Jeremaya mere, nke oyi na-atụ na ihe mgbu, oké ahụ nchegbu. Hypoglycemia nwekwara akpali ACTH mmepụta.

Oké secretion nke a hormone nwere ike a pituitary adenoma, ọrịa a na-akpọ pituitary Cushing si. Ya ngosipụta bụ: ọbara mgbali elu, ibu oké ibu, na ahụ, abụba accumulates na ahu na ihu, na aka na ụkwụ na-nkịtị, na-amụba ịta nke shuga dị n'ọbara, ebelata dịghịzi agbachitere.

Ezughi oke mmepụta nke ACTH na-eduga ná a ọnụ ke njikọ nke glucocorticoids na nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-kwupụtara metabolism na-ebelata ntachi obi mebiri organism na gburugburu ebe obibi mmetụta.

gonadotrophin

Ha na-elekọta ọrụ nke gonads nke ma ndị inyom na ndị ikom. Ya mere, follikulotropin inyom akpali guzobere follicles na ovaries. The nwoke ọkara nke nzuzo mmetụta prostate mmepe na spermatogenesis (guzobere spam).

Lyuteoptropin achịkwakwa mmepụta nke androgens - nwoke homonụ (testosterone, androstenedione, na otú pụta.) Ndien estrogen - nwanyi homonụ (estriol, estradiol, na ndị ọzọ.).

N'ihi ya, pituitary gland na ya homonụ na-aka na-arụ ọrụ nke fọrọ nke nta niile akụkụ.

Posterior n'ọnụ ọnụ nke pituitary gland

Posterior n'ọnụ ọnụ nke pituitary neurohypophysis a na-akpọ, ọ na-emi esịnede epidermal mkpụrụ ndụ, na-akpọ pituitary mkpụrụ ndụ. Neurohypophysis, nakwa dị ka ndị ihu pituitary arụpụta homonụ. Homonụ nke posterior pituitary:

• oxytocin;
• vasopressin;
• asparototsin;
• vasotocin;
• glumitotsin;
• valitotsin;
• izototsin;
• mezototsin.

All ndị a homonụ na-arụrụ ha kpọmkwem na ọrụ na ahụ mmadụ. Ka anyị kwuo banyere ụfọdụ n'ime ha iche iche.

oxytocin

Ka ihe atụ, mmiri ọgwụ ahụ oxytocin emetụta eriri akpa nwa uru n'oge na-amụ nwa. N'elu cell membranes ndị pụrụ iche na-anabata ya chebaara oxytocin. N'oge ime, nke a hormone anaghị amụba ka a larịị nke nwere ike ime ka eriri akpa nwa contractions. Dị nnọọ n'ihu mụrụ onwe ha n'okpuru nduzi nke nne hormone estrogen enwekwu uche na oxytocin na ịmụ nwa ime. Ọ na-eduga ná a gụnyere ya ná myoepithelial mkpụrụ ndụ na kwụ n'ahịrị na mammary gland na-akpali mmepụta nke mmiri ara ehi.

Mmetụta nke oxytocin na nwoke ahụ na-agụghị oké ghọtara. Ọ na-kweere na ọ bụ ike na-emetụta ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke nsia mgbidi, pancreas na eriri afo.

Vasopressin (ADH)

Vasopressin (na-akpọ antidiuretic hormone - ADH) rụrụ abụọ ọrụ ke idem. Ọ nwere antidiuretic edinam, i.e. enhances mmiri reabsorption na-achịkọta ducts nke akụrụ na, ke adianade do, ọ na-emetụta ndị arteriolar ezigbo musculature (ezi ọbara arịa inyịme si akwara), i.e. Ọ bụ ike warara ha lumen. The n'ahụ ịta nke a edinam adịghị akpata a ịrịba utịp ke organism na, na pharmacological doses mgbe ndinọ ADH ọkara dị ọcha ụdị arterioles ukwu narrowed, nke na-akpata na-abawanye na nsogbu.

N'ihi ya, posterior pituitary homonụ mgbe ha na-enwe ike ime ka ezughi oke mmepe nke-arịa ọrịa shuga insipidus (antidiuretic edinam) na nke a ụbọchị nwere ike furu efu 15 lita mmiri mmiri (mmamịrị mmepụta ọnụ). Nke a na ọnwụ ga na-abụ replenished. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga insipidus na-enwe mgbe nile na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ.

The etiti n'ọnụ ọnụ nke pituitary

Obere òkè na-emepụtakwa a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke homonụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, a na-agụnye melanostimuliruyuschy hormone, nke bụ maka akpụkpọ ntutu agba. Mmụọ kpụrụ ink melanin, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ka ndị mmadụ agbụrụ bụ.

Pụtara nke pituitary homonụ

Pituitary (homonụ na ya na ọrụ a kọwara n'elu) na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ na hypothalamus (Department of diencephalon), ọzọ kpomkwem, ya neurosecretory nuclei. Ha na-etolite na hypothalamo-pituitary usoro. Ọ na-achị ọrụ niile elu endocrine glands. Mebiri pituitary ọrụ (mmiri ọgwụ ọrịa) eduga akwa ya pụta. Nsogbu ndị a aka endocrinologist.

The pituitary gland na ọrụ ya na ahụ ndị dị oké mkpa. Ha ekpebi ebe kwesịrị ekwesị na ime ihe niile akụkụ na usoro.

Ọrịa na Pathology

Mgbe nsogbu ime ndị dị otú ahụ a obere endocrine gland bụ pituitary hormone na ya na ọrụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị, na ahụ mmadụ pụrụ ịzụlite oké njọ nke ọrịa:

• acromegaly;
• gigantism;
• arịa ọrịa shuga insipidus;
• pituitary hypothyroidism ma ọ bụ hyperthyroidism;
• pituitary hypogonadism;
• hyperprolactinemia;
• pituitary dwarfism;
• Cushing ọrịa;
• Sheehan si syndrome.

Ọrịa ndị dị nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na pituitary gland na-adịghị synthesized a hormone, ma ọ bụ a ole na ole, ma ọ bụ, na Kama nke ahụ, ọbara aga ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Ọrụ na pituitary homonụ maka ahụ dị mkpa. Ha mebiri nwere ike ime ka a dịgasị iche iche nke pathologies nke na-achọ a dị oké njọ obibia na mgbe chọrọ hormone ọgwụ.