Power continental jikọrọ ọnụ bụ ... The isi atụmatụ nke crustal Ọdịdị

The kọntinent ẹkedide kpụrụ nke arrays nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, nke na mgbanwe degrees, oru ngo n'elu mmiri larịị n'ụdị Sushi. A ọkpụrụkpụ ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ karịrị otu nde afọ gbawara, gbanwere a òkè nke ha crumpled na-egosi na ụdị, nke anyị maara na ugbu a.

Taa, anyị na-ele anya na ndị kasị ibu ma nta ọkpụrụkpụ nke jikọrọ ọnụ na peculiarities nke ya Ọdịdị.

A nta banyere anyị na mbara ala

Ná mmalite nke e guzobere na mbara ala anyị na-ejikwara multiple agbọpụta ọkụ, e nwere mgbe niile collisions na comets. Nanị mgbe bombu kwụsịrị, ndị egbuke elu nke planet froze.
Ya bụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na mbara ụwa anyị a na-na mbụ ahụ nọchiri anya a àgà desert na-enweghị mmiri na ahịhịa. Ebe ya were na nke ukwuu mmiri - ka na-anọgide a omimi. Ma, ọ bụghị otú ahụ ogologo oge gara aga a nnukwu ala mmiri mee a chọpụtara, eleghị anya, ha na-ndabere nke anyị oké osimiri.

Ewoo, niile hypotheses banyere mmalite nke mbara ala anyị na ya mejupụtara ihe echiche karịa eziokwu. Kwuru Wegener ibido n'ala na-ekpuchi a mkpa oyi akwa nke konkiri, nke na-ghọọ Paleozoic oge pramaterik Pangea. Na Mesozoic Era Pangea malitere agbawasị kọntinent kpụrụ nwayọọ nwayọọ ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla ọzọ. Pacific Ocean, dị ka Wegener, - a fọduru nke isi oké osimiri na Atlantic na Indian na-ewere dị ka nke abụọ.

jikọrọ ọnụ

The mejupụtara nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ bụ fọrọ nke nta yiri nke mbara ala na usoro mbara igwe anyị - Venus, Mars, wdg Mgbe niile, ihe ndabere maka niile mbara ala nke usoro mbara igwe bụ otu umi .. Na nso nso karịa, ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na Ụwa nkukota na ọzọ na mbara ala, na-akpọ Thea, mere na mmakọ nke abụọ na mbara igwe, na si breakaway ibe akwụkwọ kpụrụ Ọnwa. Nke a na-akọwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na Ọnwa na ịnweta mejupụtara yiri mejupụtara nke ụwa anyị. N'okpuru ebe anyị na-akọwa na ihe owuwu nke Ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ - na map nke ya n'ígwé na ala na oké osimiri.

Bark bụ naanị 1% nke uka nke ụwa. Advantageously, ọ mejupụtara sịlịkọn, ígwè, aluminum, oxygen, hydrogen, magnesium, calcium na sodium na ọzọ 78 ọcha. Ọ na-chere na tụnyere uwe-nwuda na isi nke Earth jikọrọ ọnụ - shei bụ mkpa na-emebi emebi, ọkacha mma mejupụtara ìhè ihe. Arọ otu umi, dị ka geologists, ruo etiti nke mbara ala, na nke kasị na-lekwasị ke arọ ntọala.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ Earth jikọrọ ọnụ na ya map n'ígwé na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'okpuru.

Inland jikọrọ ọnụ

The Earth jikọrọ ọnụ nwere 3 n'ígwé, ọ bụla nke na-ekpuchi a gara aga ike ike n'ígwé. Ọtụtụ n'ime ya elu - a continental na Oceanic mbara ọzara. Kọntinent nwekwara daputara shelf, nke mgbe ekwe obryvchatogo aga n'ime continental mkpọda (mpaghara nke continental oke).
Ụwa continental jikọrọ ọnụ ekewa n'ígwé:

1. sedimenti.
2. Granite.
3. Basalt.

The sedimentary sedimentary oyi akwa a ntekwasa, metamorphic na igneous nkume. Power continental jikọrọ ọnụ bụ nke kasị ala pasent.

Types of continental jikọrọ ọnụ

Sedimentary nkume bụ aggregates, nke di n'etiti ụrọ, carbonate, mgbawa ugwu nkume na ndị ọzọ solids. Nke a na ụdị ịkpali, bụ nke e guzobere n'ihi nke ndị ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ eke ọnọdụ na mbụ adị na Earth. Ọ na-ekwe na-eme nnyocha ka iru nkwubi okwu banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa anyị.

Granite oyi akwa mejupụtara igneous na metamorphic nkume, yiri Njirimara nke konkiri. Nke ahụ abụghị naanị ndị konkiri bụ nke abụọ oyi akwa nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ, ma isi ihe nke ndị mejupụtara bụ yiri nnọọ ka ọ na-enwe Olee ihe enyemaka yiri ike. Ya ọnụego nke longitudinal efegharị efegharị esịmde 5.5-6.5 km / s. Ọ mejupụtara konkiri, schist, gneiss na t. D.

Basalt oyi akwa na-emi esịnede ihe yiri na mejupụtara si basalt. Ọ bụ ihe na ok ka tụnyere na konkiri bed. N'okpuru basalt viscous oyi akwa aga ákwà solids. Conventionally, ákwà mgbokwasị si jikọrọ ọnụ ekewapụ na-akpọ Moho, nke bụ, n'eziokwu, iche iche n'ígwé nke dị iche iche chemical mejupụtara. Ji a nkọ na-abawanye na-agba nke na seismic ebili mmiri.
Nke ahụ bụ a dịtụ mkpa oyi akwa nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ bụ na-emebi emebi mgbochi na-ekewa anyị si red-ekpo ọkụ ákwà mgbokwasị. Ọkpụrụkpụ nke uwe-nwuda bụ nkezi nke 3000 km. N'ịga ọnụ na uwe-nwuda na tectonic efere, nke bụ akụkụ nke lithosphere bụ jikọrọ ọnụ òkè.

N'okpuru ebe anyị tụlee ike nke continental jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọ bụ ruo 35 km.

Power continental jikọrọ ọnụ

Ọkpụrụkpụ nke jikọrọ ọnụ dịgasị iche n'ebe 30 70 km. Ma ọ bụrụ na n'okpuru mbara ọzara nke ala oyi akwa na ọ bụ naanị 30-40 km, mgbe ahụ, n'okpuru ugwu usoro nke ruo 70 km. N'okpuru Himalayas oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ esịmde 75 km.

Power continental jikọrọ ọnụ bụ site 5 80 km na ozugbo dabere na ya afọ. N'ihi ya, oyi na-atụ oge ochie nyiwe (Eastern European, Siberia, West Siberia) nwere a elu ikike - 40-45 km.

Ebe ọ bụla oyi akwa nwere ya ike na ọkpụrụkpụ na dị iche iche ebe nke Afrika nwere ike ịdị iche iche.

Power continental jikọrọ ọnụ bụ:

1. sedimentary oyi akwa - 10-15 km.

2. Granite oyi akwa - 5-15 km.

3. The basalt oyi akwa - 10-35 km.

The okpomọkụ nke Earth jikọrọ ọnụ

Okpomọkụ na-abawanye dị ka recesses nime ya. Ọ na-kweere na isi okpomọkụ ruo 5000 C, ma ndị a na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-adabere na ya, ebe ọ bụ na ụdị na Ọdịdị nke ya ka na-adịghị anya ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Na anyịnwa ịhụkwu nke jikọrọ ọnụ, na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-ụba ọ bụla 100 m, ma ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ na iche iche dabere n'elu mejupụtara nke ihe na omimi. The Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ nwere a elu okpomọkụ.

Oceanic Earth jikọrọ ọnụ

Ná mmalite, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na echiche, na-Earth kpuchie a oyi akwa nke Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ, nke bụ ubé dị iche iche na ọkpụrụkpụ na mejupụtara nke continental oyi akwa. The Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ, ma eleghị anya sitere n'elu nke differentiated mantle oyi akwa, ie, ndị mejupụtara bụ nnọọ nso ya. Power Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ bụ 5 ugboro erughị ike nke continental ụdị. N'otu oge ya Ọdịdị ke miri na-emighị emi ebe nke oké osimiri na oké osimiri na ibe ha dị iche insignificantly.

N'ígwé continental jikọrọ ọnụ

Power Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ bụ:

1. A oyi akwa nke oké osimiri mmiri, na ọkpụrụkpụ nke nke bụ 4 km.

2. A oyi akwa nke rụrụ sediments. Power bụ 0,7 km.

3. A oyi akwa nke apịaji basalt na kremenistymi na carbonate nkume. Nkezi ike - 1.7 km. Ọ dịghị kwụpụta sharply na e ji akara nke sedimentary oyi akwa. Nke a variant a na-akpọ sub-Oceanic ya Ọdịdị.

4. Basalt oyi akwa na-adịghị ji continental jikọrọ ọnụ. Power Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ bụ nke a oyi akwa nke 4.2 km.

Basalt oyi akwa Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ na subduction zones (mpaghara nke otu onye oyi akwa nke cortex amịkọrọ ọzọ) na-aghọ ndị eclogites. Ha njupụta dị elu nke na ha bamie jikọrọ ọnụ ka a omimi nke 600 km, na mgbe ahụ na-arịda na ala uwe-nwuda.

Nyere na ndị kasị nta na ọkpụrụkpụ nke jikọrọ ọnụ n'okpuru oké osimiri na e nwere nanị 5-10 km pụọ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ogologo ji echiche na-amalite na-egwu ala na omimi nke oké osimiri jikọrọ ọnụ, nke ga-enyocha esịtidem Ọdịdị nke ahụ Earth na ihe zuru ezu. Otú ọ dị, a oyi akwa nke Oceanic jikọrọ ọnụ dị nnọọ inogide, na-amụ ihe nke oké osimiri ogbu ka ọrụ a ihe ịma aka karị.

ọgwụgwụ

The jikọrọ ọnụ bụ eleghị anya naanị oyi akwa na-amụ na zuru ezu kpọrọ mmadụ. Ma ihe dị n'okpuru ya, ka nchegbu geologists. Anyị nwere ike na-atụ anya na otu ụbọchị na-amaghị ama ogbu nke anyị Earth ga-enyoba.