Chlorine: e ji mara chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ Njirimara

Na ọdịdị chlorine a hụrụ na gaseous steti na naanị n'ụdị ogige na gas ndị ọzọ. Na ọnọdụ nso nkịtị, ọ bụ a na-egbu egbu corrosive gas greenish agba. Ọ na-eburu ihe ibu karịa ikuku. Ọ nwere ihe ísì utọ. chlorine molekul mejupụtara abụọ atọm. Na quiescent obodo anaghị ọkụ, ma na okpomọkụ na-eme na hydrogen, mgbe nke ihe ize ndụ nke gbawaranụ. N'ihi ya, gas tọhapụrụ phosgene. Nnọọ na-egbu egbu. N'ihi ya, ọbụna na ala kasịnụ ikuku (0.001 mg kwa 1 DM ³⁾ nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ. The isi e ji mara ndị nonmetal chlorine-ekwu na ọ dị arọ karịa ikuku, n'ihi ya ga-enwe mgbe nile nso n'ala n'ụdị a na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ haze.

mere eme

N'ihi na oge mbụ na omume a ihe onwunwe e nwetara na 1774 K. Shelee g. Site na ijikọta hydrochloric acid na pyrolusite. Otú ọ dị, naanị na 1810 G. P. Devi ike mara na chlorine na iji guzobe na ọ bụ a dị iche iche chemical mmewere.

Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na na 1772, Dzhozef Pristli bụ ike inweta hydrogen chloride - chlorine compound na hydrogen Otú ọ dị, ikewapụ abụọ ndị a na ihe nke mmiri ọgwụ enweghi ike.

Chemical akparamagwa nke chlorine

Chloro - chemical mmewere isi otu VII nke oge table otu. Ọ echekwara na-atọ oge, na nwere ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 17 (17 protons na ntọala). The reactive nonmetal. Denoted letters cl.

Ọ bụ a typical nnọchiteanya nke halogens. Nke a gas, enweghị agba, ma nke nwere a nkọ, pungent isi. Na-emekarị na-egbu egbu. All halogens na-ọma diluted n'ime mmiri. N'elu kọntaktị na ooh ikuku na-amalite-aṅụ sịga.

The elu elektrọn nhazi 3s2Zr5 cl atọm. Mmọdo, ke ogige nke chemical mmewere ngosi ọxịdashọn na ọkwa -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 na +7. The covalent okirikiri nke atọm 0,96Å, ionic okirikiri Cl- 1,83 Å, atọm elektrọn mmekọrita nke 3,65 eV, 12,87 eV nke ionization larịị.

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, chlorine a pụtara ifịk nonmetal na-enye ohere ihe e kere eke nke ogige na fọrọ nke nta niile ọla (na ụfọdụ iji okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ site na mmiri displacing bromo) na nonmetals. Na powdered ụdị ọ mkpatụ naanị na ọla na elu okpomọkụ.

The kacha combustion okpomọkụ - 2250 Celsius C. Ebe ọ bụ na oxygen bụ ike nke na-akpụ oxides, hypochlorites, chlorites na chlorates. All na ogige nwere oxygen, bụ mgbawa na mmekọrịta oxidizable bekee. Ọ ga-kwuru na chlorine oxides nwere ike edoghi any ịgbawa mgbe chlorates agbawa naanị mgbe ọ gụrụ ọ bụla initiators.

Njirimara chlorine na ọnọdụ na oge usoro:

• mfe umi;
• iri na asaa otu mmewere nke oge table;
• ndị atọ na okwu nke atọ na esepu;
• asaa otu isi otu;
• ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 17;
• egosi cl akara;
• reactive nonmetal;
• bụ a halogen otu;
• ke ọnọdụ nso nkịtị, ọ bụ a-egbu egbu gas na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na agba na a pungent isi;
• a chlorine atọm molekul nwere 2 (usoro cl _2).

The nkịtị Njirimara nke chlorine:

• esi ebe: -34,04 ° C;
• agbaze uche: -101,5 ° C;
• a njupụta na gaseous ala - 3, 214 g / l;
• ndị njupụta nke mmiri mmiri chlorine (esi oge) - 1,537 g / cm ^3;
• ndị njupụta nke siri ike chlorine - 1.9 g / cm ^3;
• kpọmkwem olu - 1,745 x 10 ^-3 L / g.

Chlorine: e ji mara okpomọkụ mgbanwe

Na gaseous steeti nwere ike mfe gasị. Na a mgbali nke 8 atmospheres na a okpomọkụ nke 20 ° C ọ na-egosi dị ka a greenish-odo mmiri mmiri. Ọ nwere nnọọ elu corrosive Njirimara. Dị ka omume-egosi, nke a chemical mmewere nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe mmiri mmiri ala ruo oké egwu okpomọkụ (143 ° C), nyere nsogbu abawanye.

Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-mma ka okpomọkụ nke -32 ° C, ọ na-agbanwe ya ahụ ikwu ka a mmiri mmiri n'agbanyeghị nke ikuku nsogbu. On n'ihu ẹsụhọde nke okpomọkụ nke crystallization emee (na exponent -101 ° C).

Chlorine na ọdịdị

The chlorine ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ nwere naanị 0,017%. Otutu bụ na mgbawa ugwu, haruru. Dị ka e gosiri n'elu, ihe nwere a ukwuu chemical ọrụ, nke mere na ndammana emee na ndị ọzọ ọcha na ogige. Agaghi asu plurality mineral nwere chlorine. e ji mara mmewere na-enye ohere guzobe banyere otu narị dị iche iche mineral. A, nke a metal chlorides.

Ọzọkwa, a nnukwu ego bụ na oké osimiri - fọrọ nke nta 2%. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na chlorides uchu na igbari na agbasa na-enyemaka nke osimiri na oké osimiri. Agbara usoro. Chlorine saa azụ n'ikpere mmiri, na mgbe ahụ na ifufe na-eburu ya site na obi. Ọ bụ ya mere ndị kasị elu ịta hụrụ ala gbara osimiri okirikiri ebe. Ndị kpọrọ nkụ ebe nke ụwa tupu anyị gas a kpụrụ site evaporation mmiri, adịru saline egosi. Kwa afo na ụwa na-arụpụta ihe dị ka 100 nde ise nke umi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ubi na-ebu chlorine. E ji mara ya, Otú ọ dị, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-adabere kpomkwem ya ala ebe.

Ụzọ na-amị chlorine

Taa, e nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ maka amị chlorine, ọtụtụ nkịtị nke na-na-esonụ:

1. Diaphragm. Ọ bụ mfe ma na-erughị oké ọnụ. The brine na a diaphragm electrolysis abatakwa anode ohere. Ọzọkwa, na a ígwè ntupu cathode aga n'ime aperture. Ọ nwere obere ego nke polymeric emep uta eri. Otu ihe dị mkpa atụmatụ a ngwaọrụ bụ countercurrent. Ọ na-eduzi si anode ogige na cathode, ikwe iche iche na-enweta ma chloro liquors.

2. akpụkpọ ahụ. The kasị ume-oru oma, ma slozhnoosuschestvim nzukọ. Yiri diaphragm. Ihe dị iche bụ na anode na cathode ohere kpamkpam iche site na a akpụkpọ ahụ. N'ihi ya, na mmepụta arụpụta abụọ dị iche iche iyi.

Ọ ga-kwuru na akparamagwa nke chemical. mmewere (chlorine) nwetara site ndị a ụzọ ga-adị iche. More "dị ọcha" na-atụle ga a akpụkpọ ahụ usoro.

3. The mercury usoro na mmiri mmiri cathode. Tụnyere teknụzụ ndị ọzọ, a nhọrọ-enye gị ohere na-enweta ihe ndị kasị dị ọcha chlorine.

Schematic esereese nke echichi mejupụtara ndị cell na interconnected mgbapụta na njikọta decomposer. Dị ka cathode pumped na mgbapụta mercury nnu ngwọta na ihe anode - carbon ma ọ bụ graphite electrodes. Ụkpụrụ nke echichi bụ dị ka ndị a: ndị electrolyte na-ahapụ chlorine na atara ke cell na anolyte. Site ikpeazụ adịghị ọcha a na-ewepụ na chlorine residues donasyschayut halite na ọzọ laghachiri electrolysis.

Chọrọ maka Safety na-abaghị uru nke mmepụta dugara nnọchi nke a siri ike cathode mmiri mmiri.

The ojiji nke chlorine na ulo oru ngwa

chlorine ifịk Njirimara ekwe na ya iji na ụlọ ọrụ. Na nke a na chemical mmewere enweta dị iche iche organochlorine ogige (vinyl chloride, chloro-roba, wdg), Drugs, disinfectants. Ma nnukwu niche nwere na ụlọ ọrụ bụ na mmepụta nke hydrochloric acid na wayo.

Ọtụtụ-eji ụzọ dị ọcha nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Iji ụbọchị, na-agbalị pụọ usoro a, dochie ya ozonation, n'ihi na anyị na-atụle isi ihe nwere a ezighị ezi mmetụta na ahụ mmadụ, nwekwara chlorinated mmiri ebibi pipelines. Ọ na-kpatara eziokwu ahụ bụ na na free ala cl detrimental utịp ke ọkpọkọ mere si polyolefins. O sina dị, ọtụtụ mba na-enye mmasị na chlorination usoro.

Ọzọkwa, chlorine na-eji na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè. Na ya, na-enweta a nọmba nke obere ọla (niobium, tantalum, titanium). Na chemical ụlọ ọrụ ifịk ifịk eji dị iche iche organochlorine ogige maka Iguzogide ata na ndị ọzọ na-akọ ugbo na nzube, na mmewere na-eji dị ka a ịcha ọcha.

Ruru ya chemical Ọdịdị chloro ebibi kasị organic na inorganic dyes. Nke a na-enweta site na zuru bleaching. Nke a pụta bụ nanị kwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụnọ nke mmiri, maka bleaching usoro bụ n'ihi atọm oxygen, nke na-kpụrụ mgbe ire ere nke chlorine: cl ₂ + H ₂ O → HCl + HClO → 2HCl + O. Nke a na usoro hụrụ ngwa ole na ole narị afọ gara aga na a na-ewu ewu na ta.

A na-ewu ewu nke a umi maka organochlorine ụmụ ahụhụ. Ndị a na-akọ ugbo na ngwaahịa igbu emerụ ntule, na-ahapụ emebibeghị osisi. A ịrịba òkè nke ngụkọta chlorine-emepụta ụwa na-aga na-akọ ugbo iji.

Ọ na-eji ke imewe nke roba na plastic ogige. Na enyemaka ha, mere waya mkpuchi, agụmakwụkwọ, ngwaike, ezinụlọ ngwa shei, na na. D. E nwere uche na rubbers nwetara n'ụzọ dị otú a, nsogbu ụmụ mmadụ, kama ọ na-adịghị egosi na sayensị.

Ọ ga-kwuru na chlorine (e ji mara okwu na-mara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na mbu) na-eji ya emepụta dị ka mustard gas na phosgene, eji na agha ngwa maka chemical agha elekọta mmadụ.

Chlorine dị ka a na-egbuke egbuke nnọchiteanya nke na-abụghị ọla

Nonmetals - mfe bekee, nke na-agụnye gas na mmiri. N'ọnọdụ ka ukwuu, ha na-eduzi ọkụ eletrik njọ karịa ọla na nwere ọkpụrụkpụ iche dị na anụ ahụ na n'ibu e ji mara. Na elu-ionization larịị ike nke na-akpụ a covalent chemical compound. Ndị na-esonụ nkọwa nke ihe nlereanya nke ndị nonmetal chlorine a ga-enye.

Ka ugbua kwuru n'elu, a chemical mmewere bụ a gas. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, ọ bụ kpam kpam na-anọghị Njirimara yiri ndị nke ọla. Enweghị mpụga aka nwere ike ọ gaghị na-eme na oxygen, nitrogen, carbon na ndị ọzọ. Ya ngosi oxidizing Njirimara na-ejikọta a dị mfe na ụfọdụ mgbagwoju bekee. Ọ na-ezo aka halogens, nke gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na ya na chemical e ji mara. The ogige na ike nke halogens (bromine, astatine, ayodiin), displaces ha. The gaseous chlorine (e ji mara nke ya - a kpọmkwem na-egosi) na-ọma etisasịwo. Ọ bụ ihe magburu onwe disinfectant. Naanị egbu ndụ ntule, nke-eme ka ọ dị oké mkpa na oru ubi na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Jiri dị ka nsi

E ji mara chlorine atọm na-enye ohere na ya iji dị ka a na-egbu egbu gị n'ụlọnga. Gas mbụ eji Germany, na 04/22/1915, n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, dị ka a n'ihi nke ọnwụ nke banyere 15 puku. Mmadụ. N'oge, dị ka nsi na-adịghị emetụta.

Ka anyị nye a nkenke nkọwa a chemical mmewere dị ka a anwụrụ n'ụlọnga. Ọ na-emetụta ahụ mmadụ site ekochi ekochi. Inye mbụ elu airway iyatesịt na anya iyatesịt. Ọ na-amalite na coughing oké nke breathlessness. Ọzọ, na-abami n'ime akpa ume, gas corrodes na akpa ume anụ ahụ, nke utịp ke edema. Mkpa! Chlorine bụ ngwa ngwa umi.

Dabere na ịta na ikuku, mgbaàmà nwere ike ịbụ dị iche iche. Na ala kasịnụ na ụmụ mmadụ na nācha ọbara-ọbara nke mucous membranes, nwayọọ iku ume ọkụ ọkụ. Ọdịnaya na ikuku nke 1.5-2 g / m ³ akpata ogo na-akpali akpali bụ na obi, nkọ mgbu na elu karị. Ọzọkwa, na steeti nwere ike so a ike lacrimation. Mgbe 10-15 nkeji na a ụlọ na ndị dị otú ahụ a ịta nke chlorine emee ike combustion akpa ume na ọnwụ. Mgbe denser kasịnụ o kwere ọnwụ n'ime nkeji si mkpọnwụ nke elu akụkụ okuku ume na tract.

Mgbe na-arụ ọrụ a umi na-atụ aro iji na-echebe uwe, nkpuchi, uwe.

Chlorine ná ndụ nke ntule na osisi

Chlorine bụ a akụkụ nke ọ fọrọ nke nta niile dị ndụ ntule. Mma bụ na o nwere ike ọ adị ugbu a na-agwaghị agwa ụdị na ụdị ogige.

Na anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ ntule nke chlorine ion na-nọgidere na-enwe osmotic ịha nhata. Ọ na-kpatara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha nwere ndị kasị mma iche maka penetration nke cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Yana potassium ion cl achịkwakwa mmiri na nnu itule. Na eriri afọ, na chlorine ion ike a mma gburugburu ebe obibi maka ihe nke proteolytic enzymes nke gastric ihe ọṅụṅụ. Chloride ọwa na-nyere na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke ahụ. Site na ha intercellular oke mmiri emee na onye Onyenwe anyị + nọgidere na-enwe mkpụrụ ndụ. About 85% nke mkpokọta olu nke a mmewere ahụ bụ na intercellular ohere. Anyụpụ site urethra. Ọ na-emepụta site na nke nne ahụ na usoro nke ara.

Mgbe a na ogbo nke mmepe bụ iche siri ike ikwu kpọmkwem ihe ọrịa akpalite chlorine na ya ogige. Nke a bụ n'ihi na enweghị nke nnyocha na mpaghara ebe a.

Ọzọkwa, chlorine ion nọ na osisi sel. Ọ na-ifịk ke ume metabolism. Enweghị a mmewere nke usoro nke photosynthesis bụ ekwe omume. Na ya mgbọrọgwụ ifịk ifịk-banye ndị dị mkpa bekee. Otú ọ dị, a nnukwu ịta nke chlorine na osisi ike nke na-agbalịsi a deleterious mmetụta (selata photosynthesis usoro, kwụsị mmepe na ibu).

Otú ọ dị, e nwere ndị nnọchiteanya nke osisi na-enwe ike "na-eme enyi", ma ọ bụ ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ na-adabara ihe. E ji mara nonmetal (chlorine) nwere ndị dị otú ahụ mgbe dị ka ike nke a umi oxidize Ona. Na na mmalite nke osisi e kwuru n'elu, a na-akpọ halophytes, nnu marshes nwere efu, nke di efu n'ihi otu overabundance nke a mmewere. Ha banye chlorine ion, na mgbe ahụ igbu ha site akwukwo ọdịda.

Transport na nchekwa nke chlorine

E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ na-akpali ma na-echekwa chlorine. Njirimara mmewere chọrọ pụrụ iche elu-mgbali cylinders. Dị otú ahụ containers nwere njirimara markings - a vetikal green akara. Monthly tankị ga-juputara kpochara. Ruo ogologo oge nchekwa nke chlorine nime ya ịkpali a kpụrụ nke bụ ukwuu na-agbawa agbawa - nitrogen trichloride. Odida na-edebe niile nchekwa na-achị na o kwere omume n'amaghi mgbanye na gbawaranụ.

Study of chlorine

Future chemists chlorine a ga-mara e ji mara. N'okpuru plan, 9-graders nwere ike ọbụna na-etinye laabu nwere na nke a umi na ndabere nke ihe ọmụma bụ isi na isiokwu. N'ezie, onye nkụzi na iwu ji na-akpa àgwà na nchekwa ọzụzụ.

The usoro na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị a: ị ga-ewere karama na wụsa chlorine n'ime ya swarf. Na ụgbọ elu, na ibe ga-Flash ìhè ikerike na n'otu oge ahụ, ọ dị mfe na-acha ọcha na-ese SbCl _3. Mgbe mikpuru a akpa nke chlorine tin foil ọ bụ na-onwe-amụnye, ma na ala nke karama nwayọọ nwayọọ belata ọkụ snowflakes. N'oge a mmeghachi omume a anwụrụ mmiri mmiri - SnCl _4. Mgbe ịtụkwasị ígwè filings na a arịa kpụrụ red "tụlee" na ga-apụta red anwụrụ ọkụ FeCl _3.

Yana bara ọrụ na-ugboro ugboro Ozizi. Karịsịa, ajụjụ dị otú ahụ dị ka chlorine e ji mara nke itie ke oge usoro (kọwara ná mmalite).

Dị ka a n'ihi nke nwere, ọ na-egosi na mmewere mkpatụ ka organic ogige. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-etinye na a ite na chlorine owu ajị tinye na turpentine mbụ, ọ n'otu ntabi amụnyewo, na karama sharply ìgwè ewu na aturu soot. Ọma smoldering ọku sodium acha, na na mgbidi nke glassware nnu kristal egosi. Mmụta ga-enwe mmasị na-amụta na, mgbe ọ ka na-eto eto mmiri ọgwụ, NN Semenov (nke e mesịrị Nobel Laureate), na-enwe ụdị ahụmahụ ahụ, anakọtara site na mgbidi karama, na nnu, fesa ya achịcha na rie. Chemistry ziri ezi na ekweghị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Dị ka a N'ihi nke a chemical ahụmahụ n'ezie tụgharịa nkịtị table nnu!