Sedimentary nkume

About 75% nke elu nke ụwa ekpuchi sedimentary nkume. Nke a na udi na-agụnye ihe karịrị ọkara nke minerals amịpụtara si ngiri-afọ nke mbara ala. Ha tumadi lekwasịrị anya na-enye, na shelf na continental ndida, na na banyere 15% bụ na ala nke oké osimiri.

Sedimentary nkume na-kpụrụ weathering ngwaahịa na redeposition deposition umi ọkacha mma na otu okenye na-ajụ (mgbe ụfọdụ na ala), na ice na usoro ọrụ. Ọdịda nwere ike ime na ụzọ dị iche iche. Dabere na ya agwa, emit iche iche iche iche nke sedimentary nkume:

- clastic - bụ n'ihi tumadi ahụ weathering, Mbugharị na ụdi redeposition nke ihe onwunwe;

- colloidal sediments - na-guzobere n'ihi nke chemical decomposition, Bilie guzobe nke colloidal ngwọta ;

- chemogenic - kpụrụ ọdịda si okenye ihe ngwọta dị ka a n'ihi nke chemical Jeremaya mere ma ọ bụ kpatara dị iche iche na-akpata supersaturation ngwọta;

- Biochemical - n'ihi chemical Jeremaya mere na-ewere ọnọdụ na òkè nke ndu eme ntule;

- biogenic ma ọ bụ organogenic - n'ihi ọrụ nke ntule.

Ọtụtụ mgbe e nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke na ijikọta dị iche iche iche iche nke sedimentary nkume. The nhazi ọkwa n'elu-ezo ha ọ bụla otu ìgwè. Dị ka ihe atụ, na nkume nzu, nke nwere ike ịbụ clastic, organogenic, chemogenic ma ọ bụ Biochemical si malite, bụ nke Biochemical umu.

Dị ka chemical mejupụtara nke sedimentary nkume dị iche na igneous rock akpụ a ukwuu nke mmiri na a nnọọ elu iche. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ihe maka ha guzobere na-weathering ngwaahịa nke metamorphic, igneous na ndị okenye sedimentary nkume nakwa gas na etisasịwo ke eke mmiri ịnweta mmiri, ntule, n'efu ngwaahịa, ngwaahịa nke mgbawa ugwu ndị na ọbụna iberibe meteorites (e.g., nickel ígwè bọọlụ ). Ke adianade do, na ha mejupụtara mgbe hụrụ metụtara nke ogologo-ahụkwaghị ndụ - mmanu ndi mere onwe ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi. N'ozuzu, afọ bụ afọ nke mmanu ndi mere onwe umu onwe ha, ma e nwere ndị ọzọ oge ochie organic redeposited residues.

Ụfọdụ udiri anumanu (diatomite, nummulitovye na iche iche iche iche na nkume nzu na ndị ọzọ) kpamkpam esịnede ntule (biomorphic) ma ọ bụ ha rifọrọ (detritusovye). The biomorphic (tselnorakovinnyh) fossils owuwu na-kewapụrụ onye ọ bụla ọzọ site na nkịtị cement (brachiopod rakushnyaka) ma ọ bụ na-atụtụ na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, na-akpụ a udidi ibu (coral ma ọ bụ iche iche iche iche na nkume nzu). Detritusovye owuwu ii na-emighị emi mmiri site n'oru nke ebibi disturbances shei ma ọ bụ dị ka a N'ihi nke ike ndụ anụ fragmenting shei n'ihi nzube nke mmepụta ihe oriri.

Sedimentary nkume na-guzobere dị ka ndị a: mbibi nke ndị nne na nna na oké nkume kpụrụ a na-amalite ihe, nke na-agafere mmiri, ikuku ma kpụkọrọ, na-edebe na ala elu na ala nke mmiri efere. N'ihi na esịnede dissimilar mmiri ịkpali, kpamkpam ma ọ bụ na-ezughị ezu jupụta na mmiri ma na-enwe a friable na porous Ọdịdị. Nke a ịkpali, gbanwetụrụ na Itie oge - na e nwere bụ a sedimentary nkume.

sedimentation usoro na-ewe ebe n'okpuru nduzi nke ihu igwe na tectonic ọchịchị. Na iru mmiri ọnọdụ (ọkụ ma na iru mmiri) ihu igwe na-emepụta silts, clays, diatomite, caustobioliths (mmanu ndi mere onwe fuels). Kpọrọ nkụ (akọrọ) zones ji nkume nzu, gypsum, anhydrite, nkume nnu. The apịaji mpaghara akpọkọtara oké n'ígwé nke sedimentary nkume, ji atụmatụ dị ka mgbanwe na ohere na iche iche mejupụtara nke detritus. On nyiwe, na Kama nke ahụ, na-edebe stratum nke ala ike nkume na a ọzọ edo mejupụtara nke detritus.

N'ihi na eziokwu na ọnọdụ nke sedimentation na n'oge gara aga geological epochs nọ nso na ndị nke oge a ma ọ bụ ndị dị ka, na ndabere nke data na nkesa nke sedimentary nkume na Earth ala nwere ike ịmepụtagharịa na paleotectonic PALEOGEOGRAPHY na mbara ala.