The isiokwu nke ọmụmụ General Biology bụ a set nke usoro na underlie onu nke ndụ

Natural bụghị naanị otu onye n'ime mmadụ mbụ ọmụmụ nke isi ebe nke sayensị, ma ihe dị mkpa na mmepe nke anyị mepere anya. The isiokwu nke ọmụmụ General Biology bụ a set nke usoro na underlie onu nke ndụ. Chief n'etiti ha: na mmeputakwa na ontogenesis, si n'aka ruo n'aka na mgbanwe, akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmepe nke osisi na umu anumanu na na eke nhọrọ. N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ele anya na ha na ihe zuru ezu.

The ọrụ nke eke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-achị na mmepe nke otu

Etinyere ndu sayensị na-arụ ihe bara uru na-amụ n'elu phenomena nke ọdịdị, na-eji ihe ka mmepe nke oge a ọrụ nke general bayoloji - cell na nkà mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ, biotechnology, na bi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ngwa mmepe nke ulo oru technology na Filiks nke ụwa na n'ụwa aku na uba na-ese ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ oké njọ nnyocha na okwu nke gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke eke usoro.

Ka naturalistic sayensị, general bayoloji ọmụmụ ihe kasị dị mgbagwoju Ọdịdị nke nzukọ nke ndụ: bi-umu, nakwa dị ka ọkwa dị iche iche nke ndụ na ebe obibi na usoro na Biosphere.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke ndu ihe ọmụma

The sayensị nke na-amụrụ ọdịdị ya nile di iche iche, a mụrụ ke ogbu nke ihe ọmụma ụmụ mmadụ na-enyemaka nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Gris oge ochie na Rome, ma bịara mara dị ka usoro ndu naanị ke XIX narị afọ, site na ọrụ nke J. Lamarck na G. Treviranus. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị ochie nke ya ọzụzụ atụle taxonomy dabeere C. Linnaeus, na morphology, sitere na treatises nke Hippocrates, Galen na Aesculapius.

Ihe ọmụmụ nke general bayoloji bụ ka ịdị n'otu nke ndu eme ntule na molekụla mbụ, wee - na cellular larịị. Ntoputa nke a na nkà mmụta sayensị Ozizi, mepụtara site na Russian kweere n'evolushọn PF Goryaninovym na German ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị M. Schleiden na T. Schwann gosiri na isi ụdị ndụ na Earth - bụ cell. R. Virchow chọrọ ụkpụrụ nke "ndụ - si dị ndụ" gwụsịa mkparịta ụka banyere ekwe omume nke n'amaghi ọgbọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ntule si nonliving okwu.

Cytology dị otú ahụ na ụzọ ndị dị ka centrifugation, elektrọn Microscopy, tracer usoro, na-amụ na Ọdịdị nke prokaryotes na nucleated sel bụ ihe ndabere maka mmepe nke bara uru isiokwu nke eke sayensị: histology, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ozuzu.

metabolic ụkpụrụ na ndụ usoro

General usoro ndu ọmụmụ bụghị naanị chemical mejupụtara na Ọdịdị nke ntule, kamakwa usoro na underlie ha metabolism. N'ihi mmiri ọgwụ guzosie regularities nke anabolic Jeremaya mere, dị ka photosynthesis na osisi. Ọ na-enyochakwa protein biosynthesis (transcription na translation Filiks), na-ekpebi ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka ndị Jeremaya mere dissimilation enye mkpa ike idobere mkpụrụ ndụ dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe nke NADPH na ATP.

Ebe ọ bụ na ihe na-amụ general bayoloji bụ molekụla larịị nke ndụ, kpọrọ atụle mmeghachi omume nke catabolism. N'okpuru aerobic ọnọdụ, ụmụ anụmanụ cell synthesizes 36 ntụpọ ojii n'ahụ nke ATP n'ebe onye ọ bụla molekul nke glucose na Jeremaya mere nke Krebs okirikiri.

Osisi na fungi na Jeremaya mere nke ike metabolism na anaerobic ọnọdụ nwekwara rapara n'aru C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ ethyl mmanya, ma kwere - na lactic acid. Ma N'ọnọdụ nile, na synthesized ụmụ irighiri nke okwu ike - adenosine triphosphate.

Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, na isiokwu nke ọmụmụ General Biology bụ a usoro nke metabolism. The nnochite anya nke anụ ọhịa ọ wee na òkè nke enzymes nke yiri Biochemical ụzọ. Nke a na-egosi ịdị n'otu nke ndụ si malite si nkịtị nna nna cell iche-iche. Zuru ezu ezu okwu kpuchie na nkebi nke a nke eke sayensị dị ka ozizi evolushọn.

Fundamentals nke general bayoloji

Nke a aha nwere a naturalistic akwụkwọ ịdọ aka ná ntị ẹkenam ke usoro ọmụmụ, malite na ọkwa 9. N'ihi na nkà mmụta sayensị na didactic ụkpụrụ nke continuity, n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu na-amụta banyere anụ ọhịa, na-eru na ihe ọmụma nke N'ezie nke botani, anụmanụ, mmewere. Na-etolite a zuru foto nke ọdịdị nke ụmụ - isi izi ozi.

Basics nke Cytology, ontogeny, ihe nakawa etu esi nke nketa - na na-amụ general usoro ndu. Isiokwu na-ewepụtara na akụkọ ihe mere eme mmepe nke organic ụwa na ihe ndị bụ isi nke gburugburu, iduga a oké njọ itunanya uche nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ka ntozu nke àgwà ha.