The kasị ibu Russian cosmodrome. Russian spaceports

Modern Russian spaceports bụ ihe na akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na sayensị, akụnụba, socio-na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, omenala nkwurịta okwu dị iche iche na-etoju. Na Russia, e nwere ma ẹdude na-na-ewu pad. Ebe Russian ohere igba egbe? Gịnị bụ aha nke ihe ha na-now ọkọnọ?

Gịnị bụ spaceports na Russia?

"Baikonur", "Plesetsk", "Kapustin yar", "Clear", "Free" na n'okpuru "East" - a oge a na Russian spaceports. List nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ ihe, n'ezie, nwere ike gbanwere - dabere na otú ndị akụrụngwa ga-ekesa actuated ke kpuchie nke Russian ohere omume. Ọ bụ omume na n'ihi na nnukwu ebe dị iche iche ohere emmepe, nakwa dị ka mgbagwoju anya nke ihe aga-eme ka a ga-edozi ha, ga-emeghe ọhụrụ pad, na-emechi na ugbu a ma gaa na ọnọdụ ọzọ. Ma n'oge Russian spaceports kọwara n'elu, adịkarị, a pụrụ iwere dị ka nke zuru ezu ike usoro nke mkpa ngwa ihe. Ka anyị tụlee ugbu a na nkọwa ndị doro nke ọ bụla n'ime ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu.

"Baikonur" - isi spaceport n'ime Russian Space Program

"Baikonur" - na cosmodrome, nke na-abụghị nke Russia na Kazakhstan, na Russian Federation ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka nanị onye ọrụ. Ya isi rụọ - RSC "Energia", Central Design Bureau "Ọganihu", Khrunichev. M. V. Hrunicheva Space Center «South». "Baikonur" e wuru na 1955. Nke a ihe a na-e site Russian ọchịchị na Republic of Kazakhstan na mgbazinye ruo afọ 50. The na-eri nke spaceport bụ banyere 5 ijeri rubles a afọ - .. 3.5 ijeri bụ, n'ezie, rents, 1.5 ijeri -. Ego ekenyela ịnọgide na-enwe arụmọrụ nke RF akụrụngwa.

Baikonur, n'agbanyeghị nke iwu affiliation Kazakhstan, omenala anya dị ka a Russian spaceport. Ọ mara maka eziokwu na ọ nọ na-ulo oru si mbụ satellite nke Earth, mbụ manned ugboelu, dị iche iche na nkà mmụta sayensị na Satellites, ballistic agba. Baikonur bụ ugbu a ndị kasị ibu nke niile ụlọ ọrụ nke ụdị na-tinye n'ọrụ na Russian ohere ụlọ ọrụ. Ya ngụkọta ebe - banyere 6717 square mita. km. Ke akpatre afọ ole na ole ndị Baikonur Russia - ụwa ndú na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-ebupụta.

cosmodrome "Baikonur" Infrastructure

"Baikonur" Infrastructure nọchiri anya, akpan akpan ndị dị otú ahụ ihe:

- 9 amalite okụre nke dị iche iche edemede;

- 15 launchers zubere maka agha na igba egbe, deducing na ohere ụgbọ mmiri na Satellites;

- 4 launchers eji kụziere ule nke ballistic agba;

- 11 housings, bu n'obi maka echichi na ule ngwá maka iche iche na nzube;

- Mgbagwoju 34 nwetara n'ihi prelaunch ụta na mmepụta ha na ohere maka iche iche na nzube;

- ebe 3, nke mmeju Tammy na ndị ọzọ ugboelu dị iche iche fuels;

- e ji atụ nso;

- Information na Computing Center, nke na-achịkwa ma na management nke ohere ọzọ na nhazi dị iche iche nke data;

- oxygen-nitrogen mmepụta eweta, ike ịmị banyere 300 tọn iche iche na ụdị cryogenic ngwaahịa n'ụbọchị;

- CHP ike nke 60 MW;

- 72 MW ike ụgbọ okporo ígwè operable ka gas turbines;

- transformer substations nke 600 akpọkwa;

- nkwurịta okwu ọnụ ke ichekwa 92 nkeji;

- airfields - "oké" na "Jubilee";

- obodo ụgbọ okporo ígwè akụrụngwa bụ ngụkọta ogologo banyere 470 km;

- ụzọ akụrụngwa ogologo banyere 1281 km;

- ike edoghi na 6610 km, njikọ - na 2784 km.

The isi atụmatụ nke kasị cosmodrome, ndị idem ke Russian ohere omume, ga-atụle kpọmkwem nke ndị ọzọ ụlọ ọrụ nke ụdị na-arụ ọrụ na Russia.

"Kapustin yar"

"Kapustin yar" Ọtụtụ nnyocha na-na-ahuta ọzọ dị ka a ọzụzụ agha n'ala. Ma n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, o nwere ike-atụle spaceport na, n'elu niile n'ihi na eziokwu na ule na-ebupụta nke ballistic agba mere si ya - na warheads-na-egosipụta na-emeghe ohere. "Kapustin yar" e wuru na 1946.

The Russian cosmodrome odude predominantly na Astrakhan region, ma ụfọdụ ebe bụ akụkụ nke Atyrau, Kazakhstan na West Kazakhstan mpaghara. Ya ngụkọta ebe - banyere 650 square mita. km. Nke a igba egbe saịtị nwere ya ndutịm center - n'obodo Znamensk. Nso agha airfield emi odude na ya.

"Clear"

Cosmodrome "Clear" ọkachamara na-ewere dị ka a Starter database - ma n'ihi na akụ ụta, ọzọ, bu n'obi maka ozuzu na-emeghe ohere. Ifịk ifịk ihe kemgbe 2006. Emi odude a dịtụ ọhụrụ cosmodrome na Russia, Yasnenskom ebe na-emi odude ke Orenburg mpaghara.

Isi ọrụ nke ihe a na-atụle ga-mba ụlọ ọrụ "Kosmotras". The akụrụngwa nke cosmodrome na-bụ-eji maka launching n'ime Earth orbit multiple Satellites. N'otu oge dozie mkpa nsogbu mgbe rọketi "Dnepr" mee Russian-Ukrainian mmepụta.

"Plesetsk"

The northernmost cosmodrome Russia - "Plesetsk". Odude odika 180 km si Arkhangelsk - ndịda nke obodo. Property ebe bụ mkpokọta 176,2 hectare. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na 1966 ka a cosmodrome "Plesetsk" nke afọ. Ebe ọ nwere ike rụrụ agha-ebupụta nke na ezinụlọ P-7 na ndị ọzọ na ndị yiri klaasị.

The northernmost cosmodrome Russia, dị ka e kwuru site na ụfọdụ nnyocha na, nwere a ndekọ nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya bụ malite n'ime ohere.

"Free"

Cosmodrome "Free" emi odude ke Amur mpaghara. Ọ wara kemgbe 1996. Nke a Russian igba egbe saịtị nwere ebe 410 sq. km, na nwere akụrụngwa ẹkedori Tammy na ìhè n'etiti òtù. Ihe na-akpali bụ eziokwu bụ na ndị na-ewu nke "Free" e butere ka a n'ihi nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbe ida nke Soviet Union isi Soviet cosmodrome "Baikonur" bụ na mpụga nke Russian Federation, na ndị isi nke ndị Russian ohere omume kpebiri na ala kwesịrị ya ihe nke kwesịrị ekwesị na-aga. Na omume, n'oge kasị easterly cosmodrome Russia mgbe mmalite nke ọrụ aka, akpan akpan, iji nwalee na-ebupụta nke ballistic agba - dị ka "Topol". Ugbu a, ọ fọrọ nke nta-adịghị eji ike, nke a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na eziokwu na na Far East, na-ewu a owuwu ọhụrụ - na cosmodrome "East". Tụlee, n'aka nke ya, bụ isi ihe ọmụma banyere ya.

"Eastern"

Nke a bụ Kacha ọhụrụ na kasị ọwụwa anyanwụ Russian cosmodrome. O wee malite iwu na 2010. Ọ ga-emi odude, site ụzọ, na-adịghị anya "free", bụ nke kwesịrị ka disbanded ruru ka echichi nke isi akụrụngwa bụ ugbua na "East" na ụdi njikarịcha nke lọjistik na nkọwa ndị doro nke owuwu ọhụrụ.

Ọ na gbakọọ na easternmost Russian cosmodrome ewu na-ewe ebe dị ihe dị 1035 square mita. km. Ya oruru-aduak ilebara ndị na-esonụ isi nsogbu: nnweta nke Russia onwe spaceport, na-emegharị na-agba ọsọ niile iche nke agba, akpụ ọzọ pulses nke kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mmepe nke Russian Far Eastern n'ókèala. Nke a e nyere ógbè uche pụrụ iche na ndị dị na steeti socio-aku mmemme, na-ewu nke ụlọ ọrụ a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa ihe n'ihi na ihe ịga nke ọma, mmejuputa iwu ndị a, atumatu.

"East" - Russian cosmodrome, nke nwere ọtụtụ uru, akpan akpan, na "Baikonur". Ka ihe atụ, track nke agha, nke ga-oru site na ebe a, na-emi odude n'èzí ụmụ mmadụ bijupụtara ebe nke Russian Federation, nakwa dị ka mba ọzọ ọchịchị - ndị tọrọ n'elu-anọpụ iche mmiri. Ke adianade do, a ịrịba na-akpata bụ ebe spaceport emi odude ke Russia - ya bụ, na gburugburu nke na-mepụtara iga akụrụngwa. Nke a na-eme ka "East" ọrụ karịsịa eri-irè. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na-mata a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke-adịghị emezi emezi na oru ngo nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ ihe nke Russian ohere omume. Nke mbụ, e nwere eziokwu ahụ bụ na "East" emi odude ke 6 degrees n'ebe ugwu nke "Baikonur" - ya mere na ngụkọta payload uka na-egosi na mbara igwe, na Russian ohere center ga-ubé ala.

Mgbe a ga-amalite na "East"?

Mgbe easternmost Russian cosmodrome ga-emeghe, na-amalite ọrụ?

Ná mmalite ọ chere na mbụ rọketi igba egbe si kwekọrọ ihe ga-emejuputa atumatu na njedebe nke 2015. Ma n'oge ọ kwagara ke 2016. Ma mwepụta nke a manned ugboelu na "East" - mbụ ga-enwe na 2016. Staff of Russia ọhụrụ cosmodrome ga-ebi na Uglegorsk, bụ nke dị na Amur region - na ozugbo visiniti nke ihe owuwu na-ewu. "Eastern" ndutịm ozu ga-emi odude ke otu obodo. Site n'ụzọ, ụfọdụ nke akụrụngwa nke cosmodrome ga-eleghị anya a ga-ewu na mpụga nke Amur mpaghara. Ọ na-na-eche na ya na "East" ga-ekwe omume ẹkedori Tammy fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla ụdị - ìhè, ọkara na arọ - dị ka ihe atụ, "Angara", nke na-aga nke ọma ule e rụrụ na Russia ke 2014.

nchịkọta

N'ihi ya, oge a na ohere igba egbe Russia na-anọchi anya 5 ẹdude ụlọ ọrụ - n'etiti ndị mere nnọọ ike-atụle "free", n'ihi na ihe niile akụrụngwa bụ ugbu na ya, na onye na-ewu. Ha na-dị na akụkụ dị iche iche nke Russian Federation - na n'ebe ndịda nke European akụkụ nke mba ahụ, nke dị n'ebe ugwu, na Far East. The kasị spaceport actuated na Russian ohere program, emi odude ke Kazakhstan. N'oge na-adịghị na ọ ga-eke ihe ha ọrụ, nke na-owụt ke mmejuputa niile chọọ-mgbe ụdị ebupụta Tammy si cosmodrome "East", nke a na-wuru na Amur mpaghara.