Wilhelm Richard Wagner: A Biography. Richard Wagner na ya a ma ama ọrụ

Wilhelm Richard Wagner - German dere na theorist nke ejije, nkiri director, eduzi, polemicist, onye ghọrọ ama maka ya usoro ihe nkiri, nke nwere a revolutionary mmetụta na Western music. N'etiti ndị ya isi ọrụ - "The efe Dutchman" (1843), "Tannhauser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan na Isolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882 .) na tetralogy "Der Ring des Nibelungen" (1869-1876 gg.).

Richard Wagner: a obere biography na creativity

Wagner a mụrụ May 22, 1813 na Leipzig, na a obi umeala ezinụlọ. Nna ya nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị mgbe ya na nwa nwa, na n'ime otu afọ nne ya na nwunye Lyudviga Geyera. Ọ na-amaghị ma na nke ikpeazụ wagharịrị omee, n'ezie nna nke nwa na-enweghị. Wagner music agụmakwụkwọ bụ random, ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, mgbe ọ nọrọ otu afọ na Theodore Vaynliga na Leipzig. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na 1833 ka a choral eduzi na Würzburg na dere ya n'oge ọrụ, mere n'iṅomi nke German ihunanya ikwọ. N'oge ahụ, ya isi arụsị bụ Beethoven.

Wagner ekewetde akpa opera "fairies" na 1833, ma ọ napụtara nanị mgbe dere ọnwụ. Ọ bụ nduzi egwú nke ụlọ ihe nkiri dị Magdeburg si 1834 na 1836, ebe ya ọzọ ọrụ, "Forbidden Ịhụnanya" dabeere na Shakespeare si "ụfọdụ maka tụọ", e haziri na 1836. Opera ahụhụ a zuru fiasco na mere ihe nkiri odida. Otú ọ dị, ego nsogbu nke onye dere juru ya nile biography. Richard Wagner n'otu afọ na Königsberg ọ lụrụ Minna Planner, na-agụ egwú na-eme ihe nkiri, e ifịk ke a n'ógbè nkiri ndụ. A ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị, ọ nabatara post of music director nke Municipal Ụlọ ihe nkiri, nke Otú ọ dị, na-adịghị anya wee odida.

Odida nke France na laghachi Germany

Na 1837, Wagner ghọrọ ndị mbụ music director nke ụlọ ihe nkiri dị Riga. Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, mgbe ọ nụrụ na ya nkwekọrịta ga-akp, n'okpuru cover nke abalị, na-ezo site na ụgwọ na-anakọta, di na nwunye gara Paris, na-enwe olileanya ime ka ọ na a na steeti. Richard Wagner, onye biography na-arụ ọrụ na France, ghọrọ usoro dị nnọọ iche, dị ka o zubere maka ya oge e mepụtara a ike asị nke French musical omenala, nke nọgidere na ya ruo ọgwụgwụ nke ndụ. Ọ bụ n'oge a, Wagner, enwe ihe isi ike ego, ree Paris Opera script "The efe Dutchman" maka site ọzọ andiwet. Mgbe e mesịrị, o dere ọzọ version nke akụkọ ya. Jụrụ na Paris musical okirikiri, Wagner wee na-alụ ọgụ maka ude nke: ide music na French akụkụ, dere aria maka Bellini si "Norma". Ma mgbalị ndị a na-etinye na ọlu-ha n'efu. Na njedebe, eze Saxony kwere Wagner na-arụ ọrụ na Dresden ikpe nkiri, na nke a mere ka ya Paris ndụ.

Richard Wagner, ndakpọ olileanya na-emeghị nke ọma, na 1842 ọ laghachiri Germany ma biri na Dresden, ebe ọ bụ ya na-akpata music maka ikpe uka. "Rienzi" oké mwute opera na French style, ụtọ umeala ịga nke ọma. Overture si ọ bụ ka na-ewu ewu. Na 1845, na Dresden, premiere nke "Tannhauser." Ọ bụ nke mbụ undoubted ịga nke ọma na Wagner ji ọrụ. Na November nke otu afọ, ọ na dechara Akwụkwọ nke libretto maka opera "Lohengrin" na mmalite nke 1846 malitere ide ya music. N'otu oge ahụ, captivated site Scandinavian sagas, o mere atụmatụ maka ya tetralogy "The Ring nke Nibelung." Na 1845, ọ na-akwadebe ndị edemede nke mbụ ejije nke tetralogy "The Death of Siegfried," nke e mesịrị renamed "Twilight nke Chi."

Richard Wagner: a obere biography. afọ nke ije biri n'ala

The mgbanwe nke 1848 malitere na ọtụtụ ndị na obodo na Germany. Otu n'ime ha bụ Dresden, na-ekerechi òkè amamihe ije nke ghọrọ Richard Wagner. Biography na-arụ ọrụ nke onye dere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na oge a nke ndụ ya. Ọ biri ebi incendiary tirades na mba magazine, ya onwe-ekesa manifestos n'etiti Saxon agha, na ọbụna ọbọhọ ọkụ na ụlọ elu, nke ọ na-ele mmegharị nke ndị agha. May 16, 1849 a e nyere ikike maka e jide ya. Na ego nke enyi na-eme n'ọdịnihu na-iwu Franz Liszt ọ gbara ọsọ si Dresden na-aga site na Paris na Switzerland. E nwere, akpa ke Zurich wee nso Lucerne maka ọzọ afọ 15 na ghọrọ usoro ya biography. Richard Wagner biri, ọ bụghị inwe a na-adịgide adịgide ọrụ, chụpụrụ Germany, na ukpan na-akụkụ na German nkiri ndụ. All oge a ọ na-arụ ọrụ na "Ring des Nibelungen" na-adịkwaghị okike ya ndụ iri afọ abụọ sochirinụ.

The mbụ ikpo nke Richard Wagner si opera "Lohengrin" Ẹkenịm ke Weimar n'okpuru nduzi nke Franz Liszt ke 1850 (na-ede akwụkwọ na-ahụghị ọrụ ya tupu 1861). Site na nke a oge na-German dere nwekwara nweela maara aha dị ka a polemicist, na ya isi n'ọnụ ọrụ, "Opera na Drama" pụta na 1850-1851 gg. Ọ na-atụle mkpa nke akụkọ na-emeghị maka nkiri na otú dee libretto, na e ẹkenam ka echiche ya na mmejuputa iwu-nke "mkpokọta ọrụ nkà" na gbanwere egwuregwu ndụ na Germany, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ụwa.

Na 1850, Wagner e bipụtara edemede "Judaism na Music", nke ọ na-ajụjụ nnọọ ekwe omume nke ịdị adị nke ndị Juu dere na musician, karịsịa ke German ọha mmadụ. Anti-Semitism nọgidere a ji mara ya na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ndụ.

Na 1933, ndị Soviet Union, akwụkwọ e bipụtara na "Life of Ịtụnanya People" usoro AA Sidorova "Richard Wagner." Brief biography nke German dere kpọkwasịwo Lunacharsky okwu na-ekwesịghị impoverish ụwa, agafe ya ọrụ, ma na-sulilos "ahụhụ ga-adịrị onye ga-ka a ọkachamara na anyị mara ụlọikwuu."

na-amị mkpụrụ na-arụ ọrụ

Richard Wagner ndị kasị ama ọrụ e dere n'etiti 1850 na 1865 - ha ka O nweta aha ya taa. Onye dere ụma shied pụọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ịmepụta otu The Epic okirikiri nke a ịdị ukwuu, nke na ọ dịghị onye n'ihu ya mere tinye aka n'ihe. Na 1851, Wagner dere libretto maka "Young Siegfried", mgbe e mesịrị aha ya bụ "Siegfried" iji kwadebe ala maka "Twilight nke Chi." Ọ ghọtara na iji yie ndị ziri ezi ya ọrụ ọzọ, na mgbakwunye na nke a, ọ ga-mkpa dee ihe abụọ ọzọ ejije, na site na njedebe nke 1851 Wagner sketched fọdụrụ ederede maka "Mgbaaka". Ọ okokụre "Das Rheingold" na 1852 mgbe idegharị libretto ka "Valkyrie."

Na 1853, onye dere ka eze malitere ekewetde "Das Rheingold". The orchestration e dechara na 1854th. Next ọrụ anyị na-kpọrọ malitere Richard Wagner, "Die Walküre", e dechara ya na 1856-m. N'oge a ọ malitere na-eche banyere-ede "Tristan na Isolde". Na 1857, nke abụọ omume nke "Siegfried" e dechara na onye dere n'ụzọ zuru ezu mikpuru na edemede "Tristan." Nke a na-arụ ọrụ e dechara na 1859, ma ya premiere wee ebe naanị na 1865 na Munich.

adịbeghị anya

Na 1860, Wilhelm Richard Wagner natara ikike laghachi Germany, ewepu Saxony. Full mgbaghara e eche ya n'ime afọ abụọ. Na n'otu afọ ahụ ọ malitere ekewetde music maka opera "The Mastersingers nke Nuremberg", nke e tụụrụ ime na 1845-m. Wagner maliteghachiri ọrụ na "Siegfried" na 1865 na malitere na-eme na osise nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu "Parsifal", olileanya nke ọ nọ na-ebe ufọt ufọt 1840s. Dere opera malitere na isi ọnwụ nke ya nchebe Bavarian edidem Ludwig II. "Die Meistersinger" e dechara na 1867. The premiere ẹkenịmde ke Munich n'afọ ọzọ. Nanị mgbe na ọ bụ ike iji maliteghachi ọrụ na-atọ omume "Siegfried", nke e dechara na September 1869. Na otu ọnwa, ya na nke mbụ rụrụ opera "Das Rheingold". The music maka "Twilight nke Gods," onye dere dere n'etiti 1869 na 1874

N'ihi na oge mbụ zuru okirikiri "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ( "Das Rheingold," "Die Walküre", "Siegfried" na "Twilight nke Gods") na e gburu na "Festspielhaus", ememme nkiri na Wagner wuru maka onwe ya Bayreuth na 1876, mgbe afọ 30 na mgbe nke a echiche mbụ wee ya. Ọ dechara-arụ ọrụ "Parsifal", ya ọhụrụ ejije na 1882. February 13, 1883 na Venice, Richard Wagner nwua, elìe ya na Bayreuth.

Philosophy tetralogy

"The Ring nke Nibelung" enyene a Central ebe na-arụ ọrụ nke Wagner. Ebe a na ọ chọrọ na-ewetara ọhụrụ echiche nke omume ọma na ụmụ mmadụ ihe, bụ nke ga-kpamkpam gbanwere ụzọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ chere a ụwa free of efe karịrị mmadụ ịgba ohu, nke o kweere nwere a-emetụta Western mmepeanya oge ochie Greece ruo ugbu a. Wagner-atụle isi iyi nile nke ụmụ mmadụ na-eme na-atụ egwu na a ga Bibie nke onye ike na-ebi ndụ a ndụ zuru okè. The "Ring nke Nibelungen" ọ gbalịrị ịkọwa na elu ọnụego maka ndị mmadụ, ihe ndị ga-achị ndị na-enweghị. N'aka nke ya, dị ka ya, mere mmadụ nwere ịmata ha onwe ha ala ọnọdụ na-enye ịma mma ezigbo dike. Nsogbu metụtara search nke omume na nke agbụrụ na-adị ọcha, na-akụkụ nke atụmatụ, nke atụkwasịghị Richard Wagner.

The ọrụ nke onye dere rụrụ site na nkwenkwe na naanị ngụkọta nmikpu nime a sensory ahụmahụ nwere ike ịtọhapụ nwoke si constraints nke aririo. Ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbụ na a bara uru ọgụgụ isi, ọgụgụ isi ndụ Ẹda Wagner dị ka ihe na-egbochi ọbọ kasị zuru ezu onye nke mmata. Naanị mgbe ezigbo onye na ezigbo nwaanyị na-ezukọta, transcendental dike image nwere ike kere. Na Siegfried Brungilda ígwè unbeaten mgbe rubere onye ọ bụla ọzọ; iche ha ga-agwụcha zuru okè.

Na Wagner si mythical ụwa dịghị ebe ebere na idealism. Mere naanị-aṅụrị ọṅụ na onye ọ bụla ọzọ. All ndị mmadụ mkpa ịmata kara ụfọdụ nke e kere eke, na mgbe ahụ na-ehulata na uche nke ha. A na mmadụ nwere ike ịchọ ya aka, ma ọ ga-erube isi na uche nke kasị elu, ma ọ bụrụ na ụzọ ha gafee. The "Ring nke Nibelungen" Wagner chọrọ ime ka azụ mmepeanya ketara n'aka Gris-Judeo-Christian ụwa. Ọ chọrọ ịhụ ụwa, nke a na-adịkwaghị ike na Wildness, ẹkwọ na Norse sagas. Na nke a pụta nkà ihe ọmụma maka ọdịnihu nke Germany ghọrọ kpata ajọ.

Philosophy ọzọ usoro ihe nkiri

In "Tristan," Wagner agbanweela kpamkpam obibia, mepụtara ya na "Ring nke Nibelung." Kama, o enyoba n'ọchịchịrị akụkụ nke ịhụnanya na amaba n'ime ogbu mmiri nke na-adịghị mma ahụmahụ. Tristan na Isolde napụtachara, ọ bụghị ibibi ịhụnanya ọgwụ ha nwere mmanya na-egbu, njikere bibie alaeze, ịhụnanya na-ebi ndụ; anụ ike nke ịhụnanya a na-ewere ebe a ka na-ebibi, na style musical chromaticism na sara orchestral pulsations dị mma maka akụkọ nkwa ejije.

Narcissism Wagner, onye na-abụghị emede nke ihe niile ma kpuru ya flaws, ihe bịara pụta ìhè na "Die Meistersinger." Akụkọ ahụ bụ banyere a-eto eto dike-agụ egwú iji merie ochie iji na ise ala a ọhụrụ, ihe na-akpali akpali style na omenala ndị metụtara ụlọ ọrụ nke Nuremberg - a akụkọ ifo nke "mgbanaka" na a ubé dị iche iche guise. Wagner kwuru hoo haa na "Tristan" bụ "Ring" na miniature. N'ụzọ doro anya, "Die Meistersinger" dere na-egosipụta na mezaịa ọgụgụ nke a na-eto eto German ede uri na-agụ egwú ndị na ndibọhọ na-agbata n'ọsọ, na n'ikpeazụ nakweere onye ndú nke ọha mmadụ ọhụrụ - na-anya nwere njikọ chiri anya akụkọ ifo na-ede akwụkwọ na ya biography. Richard Wagner "Parsifal" ọbụna ihe intensively gosiri onwe dike-nzọpụta, na mgbapụta nke ụwa. The sacraments, na abụ na-eto na opera, ha ga-ebube nke na-ede akwụkwọ, na bụghị ihe ọ bụla chi.

The musical asụsụ

N'ókè nke Wagner ọhụụ bụ dị ka na-akpali akpali dị ka ichughachiazu ya uche na metaphysics. Enweghị music, ya ejije ka ga-anọgide na akara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Western echiche. Richard Wagner, onye music ba uba uru nke ọrụ ya ọtụtụ ugboro, eduba asụsụ ahụ, kacha mma na-anọchi anya ya na nkà ihe ọmụma. O bu n'uche mmiri iri ndị na-eguzogide-agha nke mere site musical n'aka. N'eziokwu, ndị abụ olu ụtọ ga-adịru mgbe ebighị ebi, na olu na ederede bụ akụkụ nke ákwà, ji ekpuchi na a ebube web nke orchestration. Ọnụ asụsụ, mgbe mgbe, dị nnọọ aghọta na syntactically torturous, a na-anabata naanị site music.

N'ihi Wagner si music n'ụzọ ọ bụla bụ a emeju, kpara n'ime a ejije e dechara ya, na ọ bụ karịa ihe omumu na iwu ihapu otutu okwu, "art maka art hà." Ọ na-ejikọ ndụ na art, eziokwu na nro nke a otu symbiotic n'otu, akpa ha anwansi mmetụta na-ege ntị. Wagner egwú asụsụ ezubere debunk ndị ò na ime ka ewere nnabata nke dere si kweere. Na Wagner agụ Schopenhauer ezigbo musical nkiri - nke a abụghị a echiche nke ụwa, ma ụwa onwe ya.

Personal àgwà

Ụdị ihe ahụ nke okike ndụ nke Wagner ekwughị ihe ọ bụla banyere ndị pụrụ iche na ihe isi ike na ndụ ya, nke, n'aka, nwere mmetụta na ya opera. Ọ bụ n'ezie a adọrọ adọrọ ọgụgụ ndị na emeriela nsogbu. Na Switzerland, onye dere bi onyinye na-natara na-enyemaka nke ihe ijuanya aghụghọ na ikike ịgbanwe ndị mmadụ. Karịsịa, ọ mee ka ọdịmma nke ezinụlọ Wesendonck, na Matilda Vezendonk, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị hụrụ Wagner ya buo "Tristan."

Onye dere ndụ mgbe ọpụpụ Saxony bụ a mgbe nile na-usoro nke aghụghọ, eneni, na-agbali iji merie enweghị mmasị nke ụwa, na-achọ zuru okè nwaanyị kwesịrị nke ịhụnanya ya, na ezigbo nchebe kwesịrị nnata nke ego nke ọ pụrụ ịghọ. Cosima von Bulow Liszt bụ azịza ya ọchịchọ maka zuru okè nwaanyị, obsequiously na okpukpe n'isi lara ha ọdịmma. Mgbe Wagner na Minna ruo oge ụfọdụ biri nanị, ọ na-abụghị di na nwunye na Cosimo na 1870, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka afọ iri mgbe ọnwụ nke nwunye ya mbụ. 30 afọ obere karịa di ya, Cosima niile nke ndụ ya raara onwe ya Wagner si nkiri na Bayreuth. Ọ nwụrụ na 1930

Ọ bụ ihe ezigbo nchebe Ludwig II, onye nkịtị zọpụta Wagner si ụgwọ 'mkpọrọ ma kwaga onye dere na Munich na fọrọ nke nta carte Blanche maka ndụ na-arụ ọrụ. Crown Prints Lyudvig nke Bavaria gara premiere nke "Lohengrin" na afọ iri na ise. Ọ hụrụ ya n'anya Richard Wagner - bụghị anya mmiri nke ọṅụ na-eju ya anya mgbe a elu-ogo talent admirer nke onye dere n'oge a arụmọrụ. Opera ghọrọ ihe ndabere nke King of Bavaria fantasy ụwa, nke ọ na-efehe n'ime ya okenye. Ya ibu na Wagner si usoro ihe nkiri mere ka ndị na-ewu nke dị iche iche fairytale castles. "Neuschwanstein" bụ ma eleghị anya ndị kasị ama Ọdịdị, mmụọ nsọ site ọrụ nke German andiwet.

Mgbe nnapụta, Otú ọ dị, Wagner n'echeghị offensively ka blindly adoring eto eto edidem na mgbe 2 afọ ama efehe. Ludwig, n'agbanyeghị ya mmechuihu, bụ ezigbo onye supporter nke andiwet. N'ihi ya na-emesapụ aka na 1876 e mere na o kwere omume mbụ ememme arụmọrụ nke "Der Ring des Nibelungen" na Bayreuth.

Difficile Wagner kwenyesiri ike nke ya elu, na na afọ ya ghọrọ ya manic echiche. Ọ bụ anabataghi nke obi abụọ ọ bụla, ọ bụla odida na-ya na ndị o kere eke. Ihe niile dị n'ụlọ naanị ịdabere n'ebe ọ nọ, na o kwuru na nwunye, mistresses, enyi, egwú na philanthropists bu oké ọnụ. Ka ihe atụ, Hanslick, a ma ama na Viennese music nkatọ, ghọrọ prototype Bekmessera na "Die Meistersinger."

Mgbe a na-eto eto ọkà ihe ọmụma Fridrih Nitsshe mbụ zutere Wagner, o chere na ọ hụrụ ụzọ ya Chineke, ya mere radiant ma dị ike o yiri ya. Mgbe e mesịrị Nietzsche ghọtara na onye dere nnọọ obere karịa nke zuru okè incarnation nke Superman, otú ọ pụtara ìhè n'ihu ya, na wezugara na ịkpọasị. Wagner mgbe gbaghaara ya elu Nietzsche.

Ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme

Na retrospect nweta Wagner karịa omume-ya, na ya ketara. O jisiri alanahụ prediktebul ịjụ ụdi ọgbọ nke arọ. Wagner kere dị otú ahụ dị irè, pụrụ iche musical asụsụ, karịsịa na "Tristan" na "Parsifal" na mmalite nke oge a music na-ikwu na oge nke omume nke ndị a usoro ihe nkiri.

Richard Wagner, onye a ma ama ọrụ na-ejedebeghị na-agwaghị agwa emezu iwu na nkịtị usoro iwu mmepe, gosiri na egwú bụ ihe a dị ndụ na ike nwere ike ịgbanwe ndụ ndị mmadụ. Ke adianade do, ọ na-egosi na ndị dị ịrịba ama nkiri bụ a forum nke echiche, ọ bụghị idaha ụzọ mgbapụ si eziokwu na ntụrụndụ. Na o gosiri na onye dere nwere ike n'ụzọ ziri ezi-ewe ya n'etiti oké amamihe na-eche echiche nke Western mmepeanya, ajụjụ na-awakpo ihe pụtara adịghị anakwere na omenala n'ụzọ omume, ahụmahụ, agụmakwụkwọ na nkà. Ọnụ na Karlom Marksom na Charles Darwin Richard Wagner biography, creativity, music dere kwesịrị ile ya kwesịrị ịchị ebe ke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịbendị nke XIX narị afọ.