"Zadonshchina": afọ nke e kere eke. Ancient Russian akwụkwọ nke XIV - XV narị afọ

The nzube nke isiokwu a - iji nye ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ukwu dị ncheta nke Old Russian akwụkwọ, dị ka "Zadonshchina". Year nke e kere eke, na-ede akwụkwọ, compositional na nkà atụmatụ - niile nke ajụjụ ndị a, anyị ga-atụle gị na.

akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnọdụ

Na 1380, ihe omume a na keere òkè dị mkpa ná ndụ nke ọ bụghị nanị na Russia ma ụwa dum. Nke a na-ezo aka agha Kulikovo, nke Tatars e meriri. Ihe omume a ozugbo na ihe niile ẹbọhọ asịrị banyere invincibility nke onye iro, na Russia Polar olileanya nzọpụta si yoke nke ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ndị prekondishion maka ịdị n'otu nke ihe gbasara onye isi gburugburu center nke Moscow, nke akara mmalite nke a ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na steeti. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe ijuanya mere a na oké mmeri ya mgbe n'ihu ọha na edemede ncheta nke ochie. Nnyocha na-ekwu Kulikovskiy okirikiri, nke na-agụnye ngwaahịa-adọrọ mmasị anyị.

"Zadonshchina": afọ nke oruru, izugbe

Ebube ncheta nke akwụkwọ, ukwuu nkà e kere eke ... The doro àmà nke izi ezi nke "Words ..." - a niile e ji mara emetụta na agha akụkọ titled "Zadonshchina". Ònye dere ya - a moot uche, na yighị ka a ga-edozi. E nwere aro na-ede akwụkwọ bụ Sofony Ryazantsev. Nke a aha ezipụta ederede "Zadonshchina" na ndị ọzọ ọrụ - "ifo nke Mamay". Ndị ọzọ ozi na Ryazantsev edemede na-akatọ na-enweghị. Ma e zoro aka ya aha na-egosi na Sofony kere ụfọdụ bụghị extant edemede ncheta. Ọ na-e-eduzi ma na-amaghị na-ede akwụkwọ, si pen nke bịara "Zadonshchina". Year nke e kere eke nke ndị agha na-adịghị n'aka na nke akụkọ (nke bụghị ihe ijuanya n'ihi na Old Russian akwụkwọ). Ọ na-atụ aro a: ngwaahịa bụ a kpọmkwem omume ihe, na otú a, ihe e kere eke nke "Zadonshchina" dara na akara 80-90-ies nke XIV narị afọ.

Akụkọ ọkọnọ isii anatara. Ndị mbụ, extant, ndị ọkà mmụta dere na 1470 mi afọ. Ya aha ọzọ - ndepụta nke Euphrosyne. Variant na-anọchi anya a Mbelata ụfọdụ mbụ ogologo ederede na Ya mere atụmatụ a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke njehie, distortions, omissions. Site n'ụzọ, na Euphrasinia ndepụta eji aha "Zadonshchina". Year Guzosie Ike kasị mesịrị version nke akụkọ na-na-adịghị arụnyere (banyere na Asaa narị afọ), na e nwere a ngwaahịa kpọrọ dị ka "The Akụkọ nke ... Prince Dmitry Ivanovich". The otu na-emetụta ndị ọzọ nile na variants nke edemede ncheta. Ha na-ntụpọ, ma ekwe edemede na-akatọ ihe iji mepụtaghachi ihe odide mbụ.

The mejupụtara na ibé

The ebube nke mmeri nke Russian agha n'elu iro - a ibé ndepụta nwere "Zadonshchina". Na-ede otú consciously adọta a yiri na "Okwu ...", ma na akwụkwọ kwuru na oké ncheta a kọwara bụghị nke kpuru ìsì na-eṅomi na ịkpachara anya juxtaposition nke gara aga ma ndị nke ugbu (bụghị na ihu ọma nke ikpeazụ). Okwu nke "Words ..." na-eme ka o doo anya na naanị mmegide ndi-isi mere ka ọdachi n'ala Russian. Ma, ọ bụ n'oge gara aga, ugbu a ka meriri ndị ndị mwakpo. Roll na "Okwu ..." hụrụ n'ogo nke onye ụzọ (nyefe na a oge na narrator si otu obodo ebe ọzọ), na ibé ọcha. Ka ihe atụ, Dmitry Donskoy n'ụzọ anwụ tupu agha - ya mere na-ekwu okwu "Zadonshchina". Chepụtara "Words ..." (mberede, na-na-akpọghị aha) kwuru banyere eklips ka a ọjọọ mgbaàmà, nabatakwa.

Akụkọ ndị mejupụtara abụọ. Kpọkwasịwo okwu mmeghe, site nke na-ede akwụkwọ na-esetịpụrụ elu-agụ na a pụrụ iche, festive ọnọdụ, ma na-agwa ya ezi ebumnobi na-achụ site e kere eke nke "Zadonshchina". N'okwu mmeghe na-egosiputakwa nchekwube akụkọ, na-ekwu na Moscow - ka nke ugbu a center nke ala - bụ n'ihu nke Kiev, wdg The akụkụ mbụ nke ọrụ - .. A "ọmịiko." The narrator egosi na mmeri nke Russian agha, na-eru uju ndị nwụrụ anwụ eze na Boyarynya. Otú ọ dị, ọdịdị na-atụ aro: kama "mkpari" ga-emeri. N'ihi ya, ọ mere na "otuto" mgbe onye iro were ha ikiri ụkwụ, na rusichi nwetara ọgaranya ịkwakọrọ.

art atụmatụ

Poetics "Zadonshchina" n'ụzọ dị ukwuu kpebisiri ike site na ya myirịta na "Okwu ...". Agụ na-eche otu ihe ahụ anthropomorphic oyiyi, epithets nwere n'ụzọ doro anya folkloric malite. N'otu oge ahụ e nwere nnukwu ihe oyiyi nke na okpukpe na-ezo aka na ikpere arụsị ma na-abụghị existent. Nke a akụkọ dị iche budata si praetexta. Work "Zadonshchina" bụ nnọọ heterogeneous na style. Ya mere, tinyere uri Ederede iberibe na ndị nke ukwuu dị ka a azụmahịa prose. Ọ ga na-apụta n'usoro zuru ezu, nso anya ka aha Prince.

"Zadonshchina" na "Okwu ..."

Dị ka e kwuru, "Zadonshchina" bara uru site eziokwu na-egosi ịbụ eziokwu nke "Okwu ahụ." Nke ikpeazụ a na-ajụjụ bụghị naanị n'ihi na tupu mberede chọpụtara nke ncheta Musin-Pushkin na 1795 "Okwu ..." Ọ dịghị onye mgbe hụrụ dị gị mma, kamakwa n'ihi na nke pụrụ iche nka uru nke uri. Nke a mere ka echiche nke ibe ya bụrụ (na precedents). Ya zoro aka "Transdoniad" bụ ka njedebe nke esemokwu, ma ... ọ na-e-atụ aro na ọ bụ "Okwu ..." e kere eso ihe nlereanya onye e kwuru na ụdi ncheta. Ọfọn, ajụjụ nke si malite ma ọrụ nke odide oge ochie na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu kpebiri.