The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia nke narị afọ nke 14

Narị afọ nke 14 - oge nke ịrịba mgbanwe ndụ nke Russian isi. Na nke a akụkọ ihe mere eme oge akpatre ka ike nke Golden Horde n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ókèala nke Russian ala. Nke nta nke nta n'etiti obere fiefdoms nwuru na-alụ maka elu na-eke gburugburu ya fiefdom ọhụrụ centralized ala. Naanị na nkwonkwo mgbalị nke Russian ala nwere ike itu kwụsịrị yoke nke na-akwagharị akwagharị ma na-ya n'etiti European ike. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kacha ochie obodo, ebibie site Tatar raids, e nweghị ike, ọ dịghị ọchịchị J.Randall, ma ọ bụ mmetụta, nke na abughi Kiev ma Vladimir na Suzdal ike adịghị ekwu na ha ga-eme n'ọdịnihu eze nke center. Rus narị afọ nke 14 ẹkenam ọhụrụ ọkacha mmasị ke mbuba. Ọ Novgorod Republic, na Grand Duchy nke Lithuania na Muscovy.

Novgorod ala. nkenke nkọwa

Mgbe ochie, ndị Mongolian agha ahụ ruru Novgorod. The obodo mụbara na ẹkenịmde ya mmetụta ruru ya Central ebe n'etiti Baltic States, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Russian ala na Grand Duchy nke Lithuania. Oyi na-atụ snap afọ 13-14 (Little Ice Age) budata belata zaa na n'ala ndị Novgorod, Novgorod ma ọbọhọ na bịara ọbụna na ano site na ịba ụba ina rye na wheat na Baltic ahịa.

Political ngwaọrụ Novgorod

The na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ọdịdị nke obodo nso Slavic omenala Chamber. Nke a na ụdị esịtidem omume management ikodu ke ọzọ Russian ala, ma mgbe n'ịbụ ohu nke Russia ngwa ngwa wee la n'iyì. Eze, ndị ọchịchị na ihe gbasara onye isi Vershilo Chamber - ọkọlọtọ ụdị oge ochie ọchịchị. Ma n'ezie na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia nke narị afọ nke 14 na Novgorod dọọ aka nke bara ọgaranya ka ụmụ amaala. Nregharị ọka na-arụsi ọrụ ahia niile ntụziaka kere Novgorod sara mbara stratum nke bara ọgaranya - na "ọlaedo belt", nke na-n'ezie na-eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe gbasara onye isi.

Up ruo mgbe ikpeazụ accession na Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi nke Novgorod ala ahụ bụ ihe ndị kasị ọtụtụ nke niile na-eme Russia na narị afọ nke 14.

Mere Novgorod ghọrọ center

Novgorod ebe e ụmụ mmadụ bijupụtara, ọbụna heyday nke ihe gbasara onye isi nke Novgorod bi emeghị gafere 30 puku ndị -. Nke ego apụghị imeri agbata obi ala, ma ọ bụ ijide ha na ike ha. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke 14 Novgorod akpọ otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu Christian emmepe, Chọọchị na ihe gbasara onye isi nke ike ukwu nwere. Ọzọ oké nsogbu bụ ala ọmụmụ nke Novgorod na a siri ike na nduzi na ihe n'ebe ndịda. Novgorod nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ ihe na ọzọ dabere na Moscow, ma mesịa ghọọ otu n'ime obodo nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi.

The abụọ ocho oru. Grand Duchy nke Lithuania

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia nke narị afọ nke 14 ga-ezu na-enweghị a nkọwa nke mmetụta na nwere na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ala Duchy nke Lithuania (ON). Kpụrụ na mkpọmkpọ ebe nke oké ala nke Kiev, na-ekpokọtakwa n'okpuru ya flags nke Lithuanians, na Balts na Slav. Megide backdrop nke mgbe nile na-ọgụ ìgwè Western rusichi hụrụ na Lithuania eke n'echebe megide ndị dike nke Golden Horde.

Power na okpukpe na ON

The elu ike na steeti bụ onyeisi - ọ na-akpọ Gospodar. O rubere isi nta eze nọ n'okpuru - pany. N'oge na-adịghị ON-egosi na otu nọọrọ onwe ha omebe iwu ahu - na nzuko omeiwu, nke bụ a kansul nke akpa isi ma na-ewusi ha okwa na ọtụtụ ebe nke ụlọ iwu. The nnukwu nsogbu ya bụ na enweghị a doro anya n'ọkwá nke inwe - ọnwụ nke gara aga Prince kpasue infighting n'etiti nwere ndị na-anọchi, mgbe mubanye ocheeze bụghị iwu ahụ n'onwe ya, na ihe ndị kasị unscrupulous nke ha.

Religion na Lithuania

Ma okpukpe, narị afọ nke 14 na-họpụtara a kpọmkwem vector Duchy nke Lithuania echiche okpukpe na sympathies. Lithuanians ogologo e ọma gbanwere ọnọdụ n'etiti Katọlik na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks, na obi ya nọgidere na-ekpere arụsị. Prince ike baptizim Catholic okwukwe, na bishop n'otu oge na-ekwu na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks. The sara mbara ọha nke peasantry na obodo ukwuu n'ime gbasoro Orthodox malitere, narị afọ nke 14 tụziri oke nke okwukwe dị ka a na ndepụta nke o kwere omume allies na-emegide. Katọlik bụ a dị ike Europe, Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nọgidere ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ala, nke na-ahụ mgbe nile na-akwụ ụgwọ ndị ọzọ okpukpe.

Ntak Lithuania

West Russia na 14-15 ọtụtụ narị afọ, nkà gbanwere ọnọdụ n'etiti Golden Horde na European mwakpo. Ọnọdụ a ruru eru maka nnukwu ọzọ niile atumatu nke afọ ndị ahụ. Ma mgbe ọnwụ nke Algirdas ike na ihe gbasara onye isi gafere n'aka Jagiello. N'okpuru okwu nke Krevsk Union, ọ lụrụ onye nnochianya nke Commonwealth na ghọrọ de facto onye na-achị nke ma ndị nnukwu obodo ahụ. Katọlik nwayọọ nwayọọ penetrated n'ime niile na ngalaba nke mba ndụ. Mmetụta siri ike nke obi ọjọọ okpukpe mere ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume n'ihi na otu nke ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ala gburugburu Lithuania, Vilnius mere abụghị Moscow.

Muscovy

Otu n'ime ọtụtụ obere wusiri ike gburugburu ala ha apịaji Dolgoruky Vladimir ihe gbasara onye isi, na a ùgwù na crossroads nke ụzọ azụmahịa. Little Moscow kwadoro ahịa si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, nwere ohere na Volga na edere edere mben. Narị afọ nke 14 mere ka Moscow a ọtụtụ agha na mbibi, ma mgbe ọ bụla mbuso agha nke e wughachi obodo ahụ. Moscow nwayọọ nwayọọ enwetara ya onye na-achị --isi - na ịchụso nke ọma a iwu nke na-agba ume bụ ndị dị iche iche ohere ike dozie ke ọhụrụ nso. Ịnọgide mmụba nke ebe nyere aka iwusi ike na ọnọdụ nke ihe gbasara onye isi. Na steeti nri nke zuru ọchịchị ndị eze, na ime iji nke inwe. The ike nke diọkpara na-adịghị contested, na e nwere ndị oké na nke kacha mma ala nke ihe gbasara onye isi na ebubo ya. Moscow si ịtụkwasị obi budata ụba mgbe ihe gbasara onye isi mmeri Mamai na 1380 - onye nke kasị dị ịrịba ama mmeri na na-enweta ya site Russia na narị afọ nke 14. History enyerela Moscow bilie na ya ebighi-ama - Taibirias. Mgbe ọzọ Mongol mbuso agha nke obodo ahụ na-enwe ike na-agbake site na odida na ghọrọ a nọ n'okpuru nke Moscow.

ike nke ghọọ mba kwụụrụ

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russia nke narị afọ nke 14 jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewepụta Moscow na isi nke otu ala. Ka siri ike na mmegbu nke Horde, ma ike na-ekwu n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ala nke dị n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ agbata obi. Ma gbara elu mbụ nkume chọọchị Ọtọdọks na Moscow, ọ na ụba ọrụ nke ụka, nke bụ ike mmasị na e kere eke nke a otu ala. Ke adianade do, narị afọ nke 14 bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa maka mmeri abụọ dị ukwuu. The Battle nke Kulikov ubi gosiri na Golden Horde, ị nwere ike inapu nke Russian ala. The ogologo agha ndị Grand Duchy nke Lithuania biri na mmeri nke Lithuanians, na Vilnius ruo mgbe ebighị ebi hapụrụ mgbalị ịchị ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ya mere Moscow mere ka ndị mbụ nzọụkwụ kwupụta oruru nke ya ghọọ mba kwụụrụ.