Antarctica chọpụtara njem, na-aga site na nchọpụta Bellingshausen na Lazarev. History nke chọpụtara Antarctica

Ònye n'etiti njem chọpụtara Antarctica? Azịza gị ga-amụta site na nke a n'isiokwu a. Ịrịba ama, ndị ikpeazụ ya chọpụtara mere na 1820. Ọ bụ akụkọ nke Antarctica amalite afọ a. Akpa, ndị mmadụ nwere ike na-eche na nke a na Afrika e.

Antarctica - kasị elu Afrika Earth. Ihe karịrị 2 puku. Mita bụ nkezi elu nke elu n'elu Antarctic Sea. Anọ puku mita ruo ya na center nke Afrika.

Tupu anyị na-ekwu banyere onye n'etiti ndị njem chọpụtara Antarctica, asị a di na nwunye nke okwu banyere ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, bụ ndị nnọọ nso uku a chọpụtara.

The mbụ ntule banyere ịdị adị nke Chile

The sonyere nke njem rụrụ site Portugal na 1501-1502 afọ, na-enwe icheworị. Amerigo Vespucci abuana ke emi njem. Nke a Florentine njem, ekele a nnọọ aru ukem ini nke dị iche iche ọnọdụ, nyere ya aha aha abụọ nnukwu kọntinent. Otú ọ dị, e hotara na mbụ njem enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na. LOCATION South, nke bụ nnọọ anya n'ebe Antarctica. Vespucci gbara akaebe na oyi na-atụ bụ nnọọ ukwuu nke na ndị njem ike idi ya.

Ọ dịwo anya dọtara ndị mmadụ Antarctica. Njem chere na e nwere nnukwu Afrika. Dzheyms Kuk banyere n'ihu ndị ọzọ na Antarctic mmiri. Ọ debunked a akụkọ ifo na e nwere Na Australis nnukwu size. Otú ọ dị, ụgbọ mmiri a manyere iche naanị na Afrika nwere ike ịbụ nso osisi. O kweere na ya na ọnụnọ na-egosi a ọtụtụ ice isuo, na-ese n'elu mmiri ice.

Lazarev na Bellingshausen

Antarctica chọpụtara njem, na-aga site na nchọpụta si Russia. Always abụọ aha e dere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo nchoputa. Nke a FF Bellingshausen (afọ nke ndụ - 1778-1852) na MP Lazarev (1788-1851).

Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen A mụrụ 1778. A mụrụ ya na-emi odude ke na Baltic Oké Osimiri n'àgwàetiti Saaremaa, Estonia bụ nke taa. Ekpep akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na Sea Cadet agha.

Bellingshausen rọrọ kemgbe ha bụ nwata nke oké osimiri ohere. O dere, sị na a mụrụ ya n'etiti oké osimiri, otú ahụ, ka azụ si na mmiri pụta, nwere ike na-enweghị ya. Faddey Faddeevich na 1803-1806 afọ abuana ke njem (akpa circumnavigation, zuru okè Russian-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri) na ụgbọ mmiri "Hope", nke edu Ivan Kruzenshtern.

Lazarev bụ afọ 10 ntà. O mere 3 njem gburugburu ụwa maka ndụ ha. Akwọ ụgbọ mmiri abuana ke 1827 na naval agha Navarino, mgbe ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka afọ iri abụọ, bụ ọchịagha nke Black Sea Fleet. N'etiti ndị ya ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị dị otú ahụ a ma ama naval isi Russia, Vladimir Istomin, Pavel Nakhimov, Vladimir Kornilov.

"Vostok" na "Udo"

Lazarev na Bellingshausen eke ada ke 1819. Mgbe ahụ Ministry nke Navy chọrọ iledo na Southern Hemisphere. Siri njem nwere na-ebu abụọ ụgbọ mmiri, mma-onwem. Etubom sloop "East" họpụtara Bellingshausen. Lazarev ada "Peace". Na nsọpụrụ nke ndị a ụgbọ mmiri na ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe e mesịrị ọ na-akpọ nke mbụ Soviet Antarctic ụgbọ.

The mbụ oghere

The njem na 1819, na July 16, malitere igwu mmiri. Chịkọtara dị ka ndị a chepụtara ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ: chọpụtara nso Antarctic osisi. Akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na gwara ichoputa Earth Sanwichi (ugbu a na South Sanwichi Islands, nke e ozugbo hụrụ Cook), nakwa dị ka South Georgia, na mgbe ahụ na-anọgide na-enyocha anya latitudes, nke naanị nwere ike nweta.

Ya mere nke a "Peace" na "East". nkọwa South Georgia Island a kọwara. Nchọpụta achọpụtala na Earth Sanwichi bụ akipelago. Cook Islands Bellingshausen aha ya bụ ndị kasị ibu n'àgwàetiti akipelago. First iji natara ntụziaka e rụrụ.

Oghere nke Antarctica

Na mmiri nwere ike hụrụ oké expanses. Ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri wee na-eje tinyere ha n'ọnụ site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Na 1820, na January 27, na njem gafere Antarctic gburugburu. Na-esote ụbọchị, ndị sonyere na-nso Antarctic Afrika, ya ice mgbochi. Nanị ihe karịrị 100 afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ebe ndị a na-gara ọzọ. Nke a na oge ọ bụ Norwegian nchọpụta nke Antarctica. Ha wee nye ha aha nke Princess Martha Coast.

Bellingshausen on January 28 dere ya edetu na, ịnọgide na-akpali ndịda, njem dị na ice ehihie na-aga ije snow ọkọnọ n'ụdị ọcha n'ígwé ojii. Akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, na-agafe n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ abụọ ọzọ kilomita, ndị na-ama "na ihe siri ike ice." Ihe ka nnọọ ubi dotted na hillocks agbatị gburugburu. Ebe ọ bụ na Antarctica chọpụtara njem, na-aga site na nchọpụta Bellingshausen na Lazarev.

Na okwu nke nọchiri ihu bụ ka mma ship Lazarev. The onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri na-ele "Ice oké elu," nke agbatị na mmiri. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ice mpempe akwụkwọ na kpuchie Antarctica. On January 28 nke afọ a, ọ gbadakwara na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ụbọchị mgbe Bellingshausen na Lazarev chọpụtara Antarctic Chile. Ugboro abụọ (February 2 na 17) "Udo" na "East" na-abịa nso n'ikperé Antarctica. Dị ka ntụziaka, kwesịrị ịchọ "amaghị ala". Otú ọ dị, ọbụna ndị kasị kpebisiri ike nke drafters nke akwụkwọ at ugh i anya dị otú ahụ a ịga nke ọma ọrụ.

Ugboro ugboro njem ka Antarctica

Na-eru nso oyi na Southern Hemisphere. Ụgbọ mmiri gbanwere n'ebe ugwu, ụgbọ mmiri na ọnọdụ na okpomọkụ mmiri nke Pacific Ocean. A afọ wee site na. Mgbe ahụ, "Udo" na "East", nke na-nyere n'iwu site Bellingshausen na Lazarev gawa Antarctica ọzọ. Ha gafere okpukpu atọ Antarctic gburugburu.

Peter m Island

Anya nke njem na 1821, 22 January, pụtara na-amaghị agwaetiti. Ọ kpọ aha-ya Bellingshausen Island nke Peter Ukwu ahụ. January 28, kpọmkwem otu afọ ebe ọ bụ na nchọpụta nke Antarctica, on a anwụ na-acha, cloudless weather crews hụrụ a ugwu ugwu n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nke agbatị nke anya n'ebe ndịda.

Earth Alexander m

Mbụ pụtara na map ahụ Earth site Alexander I. E nwere doro anya agaghịkwa nwere: Antarctica - ọ bụghị ihe dị ice massif, a n'ezie Afrika. Bellingshausen, Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị okwu nke oghere nke Mexico. Ọ bụ ọlị ụgha obi umeala. Akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ghọtara na ọ bụ omume na-ise ikpeazụ kwuru, ma ama okodu ndị dị mkpa ọmụmụ dị n'ikperé Antarctica. Ọ dịghị onye nke ndepụta, ma ọ bụ banyere size nke Afrika, ọ na-apụghị ọbụna ime ka a ike ike echiche. Ọtụtụ iri afọ esiwo na issledavaniya.

Nchọpụta nke South Shetland Islands

Emecha "Odyssey", ụgbọ mmiri na-enyoba na zuru ezu na South Shetland Islands. Tupu ha mara nnọọ ihe B. Smith, ihe England, ha na-ele na 1818. n'àgwàetiti ndị a na-mapped na kọwara. Na agha nke 1812 e gara site ọtụtụ Satellites Lazarev na Bellingshausen. Ya mere, ụfọdụ nke agwaetiti na-echeta ya agha natara ndị na-esonụ aha: Waterloo, Leipzig, Berezina, Smolensk, Maloyaroslavets, Borodino. Mgbe e mesịrị, Otú ọ dị, British-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri renamed ha, nke na-adịghị nnọọ mma. Waterloo, ihe ndị ọzọ (King George - ya oge a aha), tọrọ ntọala site na ihe ndị kasị dị n'ebe ugwu research ụgbọ nke USSR na 1968 na Antarctica akpọ "Bellingshausen".

Laghachi Kronstadt

Na 1821, na njedebe nke January, Faddey Faddeevich zitere mmiri n'ebe ugwu, merụsịrị rojiwere navigation na ice na oké ifufe. 751 ụbọchị njem ahụ were Russian ụgbọ mmiri. njem ogologo-ya banyere 100 puku kilomita (ya bụ, dị ka ogologo dị ka ị na-mgbe ị na abụọ na-aga gburugburu Earth na ụwa na a nkeji iri na ise ugboro). 29 ọhụrụ agwaetiti e mapped. Si otú malitere na mmepe na ịmụ Antarctica.

Ịgbaso Russian

Ya mere, Antarctica chọpụtara njem, na-aga site na nchọpụta si Russia. Izu abụọ mgbe na, na 1820, 16 January, Russian njem edu Bellingshausen na Lazarev, gara Antarctica, Edward Brantsfild, onye si South Shetland Islands n'ebe ndịda, hụrụ snow-kpuchie elu ụlọ akụ. Ọ na-aha ya bụ nke a ụgbọ mmiri Earth Trinity (ie Atọ n'Ime Otu). Antarctica Researchers nwekwara hụrụ abụọ ọnụ ọnụ ugwu. Ọ bụ Antarctic Peninsula, n'ebe ugwu ya egbugbere ọnụ agbatị ka 1,200 km na ntụziaka nke South America. On Earth, na e nweghị ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ a ogologo ma dị warara dịịrị banye na mmiri.

Antarctica maka oge mbụ mgbe Russian-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri hụrụ ụlọ ọrụ "Enderby", abụọ sealers n'ụlọikpe nke England, bụ onye mere n'okpuru John Biscoe njem gburugburu ụwa. Na 1831, na njedebe nke February, bụ ugwu ugwu n'ala na-bịakwutere n'ụlọikpe. Ọ nakweere ha maka àgwàetiti ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, a n'ala a kọwara dị ka a protrusion nke East Antarctica. Pụtara na map aha Biscoe n'ugwu (kasị elu ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na ya) na Enderby Land. Ebe ọ bụ na Antarctica meghere nchoputa Dzhon Bisko.

The njem na-esote afọ na-eme ka ọzọ chọpụtara. O zutere maka efu meridian ọtụtụ agwaetiti obere size, n'ofè nke e nwere ugwu nke Graham Land (dị ka aha-ya n'ala a), bụ nke a nọgidere na Earth Alexander m n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Proper aha nke a na-eme nchọpụta aha ya bụ yinye obere àgwàetiti, ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọpụtara ala-atụle maka a ogologo oge mgbe isuo.

Na ụdi afọ iri, gara na Southern Ocean e chọpụtara abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ "n'ikpere mmiri". Otú ọ dị, ndị njem na ọ bụla nke ha adịghị dabara.

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-amụ ihe nke Antarctica enyene a pụrụ iche n'ebe ndị njem nke French, nke na-aga site JS Dumont d'Urville. Na 1838, na January, abụọ nke ụgbọ ya ( "Seele" na "Astrolabe") bịara Pacific si Atlantic, skirting ndịda America. Na-eme nchọpụta na-arahụ na search of mmiri, ice-free, dị anya n'ebe ndịda, eru nso Antarctic Peninsula, ya ọnụ ọnụ ebe ugwu, nke aha ya bụ nke a Earth akwọ ụgbọ mmiri Louis-Philippe. Dumont d'Urville, na-abịa n'ime Pacific Ocean, ya nile zigara ebe okpomọkụ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, site na Tasmania o we chigharia n'ebe ndịda na zutere na ohere nke Arctic gburugburu ice n'ụsọ oké osimiri, aha ya bụ Adelie Land na nnọchite nke nwunye ya. Nke a mere na 1840, January 20. The French na otu ụbọchị rutere n'àgwàetiti ahụ. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na oge mbụ ndị a na ụbọchị bịa n'ụwa nke Antarctica, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ka ọ bụghị Chile na agwaetiti dị nnọọ na-esote ya.

Mgbe agụ isiokwu a, ị mụtara, ihe afọ chọpụtara Antarctica. Naanị na 1956, 5 January, na n'ikpere mmiri nke Chile ime ihe mbụ Russian nchọpụta. Ọ mere site 136 afọ mgbe Antarctica chọpụtara njem, na-aga site na nchọpụta Bellingshausen na Lazarev.