Anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke abụba. Inweta abụba na chemical Njirimara

The otu nke dị mkpa organic ogige - lipids - ọnụ na Steroid na waxes agụnye abụba. Ha ọdịnaya na ndụ àmà site 5 na 10% site na akọrọ cell ibu ibu. Ndị bekee na-amụ, nke dabeere na e ji mara ha molekụla Ọdịdị, nke ime ka chemical Njirimara nke abụba. Chemistry nke Organic ogige -atụle ihe ndị bekee dị ka ngwaahịa nke esterification mmeghachi omume n'etiti trihydric mmanya glycerol na elu ịgba ma ọ bụ unsaturated carboxylic asịd.

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-enyocha bụghị naanị ha na-eme na ụlọ ọrụ na uru, ma na-enweta abụba na chemical Njirimara na-ahụkarị nke a na klas nke ogige.

History of chọpụtara

Ọdịdị a mụwo ke ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 19. French mmiri ọgwụ E. Chevrel ewe iwe ha na mmiri na ọnụnọ nke alkali na ngwaahịa ndị dị na mmeghachi omume nke ụmụ irighiri nke ọdụdụ asịd na glycerol. M. Berthelot nwere ndị na-abụghị mmeghachi omume: mgbe ewe iwe na a ngwakọta nke glycerol na palmitic asịd steorinovoy ọ natara triglycerides - abụba. Dabere na ndị a nwere, e kwubiri na-amụ bekee nke klas nke esters. The chemical Njirimara nke abụba nwere enen nkwubi okwu a.

Abubara - esters

Dị ka e ji nwere na E. M. Berthelot Chevrel, triglycerides bụ esters nke trihydric mmanya glycerol na elu monocarboxylic asịd. Abụba nwere steorinovuyu ma ọ bụ palmitic acid bụ a siri ike, n'ihi na ihe atụ, beef, anụ ezi, atụrụ ahụ. Nke a anụmanụ abụba. Ọ bụrụ na ndị mejupụtara nke triglycerides gụnyere unsaturated ọdụdụ asịd - oleic, linoleic, linolenic - dị mmiri mmiri na abụba na-akpọ mmanụ (sunflower, groundnut, linseed).

Chemical Njirimara nke abụba na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site ọzọ esters site eziokwu na Ọdịdị nke ahụ ụmụ irighiri pụrụ ịgụnye ọtụtụ dị iche iche carboxylic asịd.

nkịtị Njirimara

Ma eke na sịntetik, dị ka majarin, triglycerides nwere nkịtị atụmatụ. Chief n'etiti ha - hydrophobicity, ala agbaze okpomọkụ ma na ala kpọmkwem njupụta. Ha igbari ọma na organic solvents, e.g., benzene, carbon tetrachloride. All abụba na-adị mfe etinye obi gị dum site na porous ma ọ bụ fibrous ihe. Dị ka ozizi nke chemical Ọdịdị nke organic ogige M. Butlerov, anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke abụba metụtara. Nkwenye nke eziokwu a ga-enye n'okpuru ebe a.

Chemical Jeremaya mere triglycerides

Quantitative na qualitative mejupụtara nke abụba ụmụ irighiri, nakwa dị ka ya gbasara ohere nhazi-egosi eziokwu nke na nke klas triglyceride esters. Ha isi chemical onwunwe - a mmeghachi omume na mmiri (hydrolysis). Ọ ngwa ngwa pụtara na ọnụnọ nke akpali - alkali, magnesium oxides, zinc ma ọ bụ calcium. Achọpụtara mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa ngwakọta nke carboxylic asịd na glycerine. Ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume bụ reversible na mmiri, abụba, ụlọ ọrụ ike ọnọdụ n'okpuru nke ọ na-aga na njedebe - kwupụta guzobere glycerol na elu monocarboxylic asịd. N'ihi nke a, ndị reactive ngwakọta a nọgidere nri na alkali ngwọta na ngwaahịa na-ozugbo atara mmeghachi omume mpaghara. Ndị a ụzọ gbochie ekwe omume nke omume nke agbara usoro, na-eduga guzobe abụba. Hydrolysis na ọtụtụ-eji organic njikọ onwu maka ibipụta n'elu bekee.

The mmeghachi omume nke alkali saponification

Anyị ịgbatị ọmụmụ organic bekee - esters. Abubara na chemical Njirimara nke na-anọchi anya ndị hydrolysis mmeghachi omume, nwekwara ike-meghachi omume na alkali. Nke a mmeghachi omume a na-akpọ saponification, na ọ na-emegide na usoro nke esterification. Ihe alkaline saponification nke ọdụdụ acid na glycerol mesoo na sodium carbonate ma ọ bụ sodium hydroxide. N'ihi bụ a ncha.

Ọ bụ ihe siri ike, nwere usoro C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa akpọ aku. Ọ bụrụ na kwukwara thereto colorants, glycerin, ịchọ mma fragrances, inweta ncha. Liquid ncha, n'adịghị siri umu e nwetara ma ọ bụrụ na abụba dị saponification mmeghachi omume na-adịghị agwakọta sodium hydroxide na a potassium hydroxide. Dị ka ihe atụ, potassium palmitate, C ₁₅ H ₃₁ esi nri - mmiri mmiri potassium ncha. Raw ihe maka saponification mmeghachi omume dị ọnụ ala na abụba nke anụ ma ọ bụ ihe oriri malite.

Liquid abụba - mmanụ

Ọ na-emi esịnede ụmụ irighiri nke unsaturated carboxylic asịd enwe abụọ agbụ. Akwukwo nri abụba na-synthesized na ọwa nke endoplasmic reticulum site n'oru nke enzymes si glycerol na ọdụdụ asịd. Ha, n'aka, na-guzobere na Calvin okirikiri Jeremaya mere na-erukwa na dị ka a n'ihi nke photosynthesis. The mmanụ ụmụ irighiri mmiri akpọkọtara na osisi, mkpụrụ osisi, ọ dịkarịa ala na vegetative akụkụ nke osisi na-eje ozi dị ka a ọkọnọ nke nri. Physicochemical Njirimara nke abụba kpụrụ osisi, n'ihi ọnụnọ ha na ụmụ irighiri ihe abụọ pi agbụ. N'ebe-agbawa ime adianade mmeghachi omume, n'ihi na ihe atụ, hydrogen atọm. Nke a na-eduga ná guzobe nke siri ike hydrogenated triglycerides.

The chemical Njirimara nke akwukwo nri abụba

Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, triglycerides nke akwukwo nri si nwere na ha mejupụtara elu unsaturated carboxylic acid. Oil nwere ike esichara site na hydrogenation. Nke a usoro a rụrụ n'okpuru kpo oku na n'iru a mkpali - particulate nickel.

The mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa - siri ike abụba (hydrogenated abụba). Ya iji na mmepụta steorina, glycerol na ncha Ndinam. Ọ bụrụ na salomas tinye shuga, nnu, mmiri ara ehi na nri agba?, Ahụ ga-esi dietary abụba - margarine. Mgbe na-agbakwụnye thereto vitamin na eke butter kwadebere na-akpọ ìhè mmanụ - na-agbasa.

sịntetik abụba

Ha na-dị ọnụ ala karịa eke, ma na-akwanyere ya ùgwù site ha eke triglyceride mejupụtara. Otu n'ime ndị isi na isi mmalite nke sịntetik abụba - bụ eke na metụtara mmanụ ala gas, nakwa dị ka mmanụ n'onwe ya. Higher paraffins dị na a eke minerals, na-oxidized. N'ihi bụ a sịntetik ọdụdụ acid. Ha na mmekọrịta ya na ethylene glycol arụpụta a sịntetik abụba. Ọ na-eji na akpụkpọ anụ ụlọ ọrụ (maka fatliquoring nke aji akpụkpọ akpụkpọ). Na ịchọ mma ụlọ ọrụ sịntetik triglycerides eji na imewe nke ụlọ mposi ncha nke abịanyere, creams, lotions. Na ụlọ ihe ụlọ ọrụ na-wuru na abụba n'ihi na mmepụta nke coatings, putties, agba.

The chemical Njirimara nke abụba nwetara site wuru n'aka, na-adịghị dị iche iche si eke. Ha na-abịa na hydrolysis mmeghachi omume n'iru ihe acid na doro ihe alkali (saponification mmeghachi omume).

Ka triglycerides na-emepụta n'ime ahụ mmadụ

N'ihi na metabolic Jeremaya mere abụba mkpụrụ ndụ na ahụ ike ga-synthesized si ngafe carbohydrates. Nke a na-akọwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na oriri nke nri ọgaranya starch na sucrose (ntụ ọka ngwaahịa, osikapa, poteto, na ato uto), na-eduga ná ngafe ibu ibu. Na usoro nke mgbaze ngwaahịa nwere abụba na duodenum rapara na glycerol na ọdụdụ asịd. Ha hydrolysis n'abu obligatory òkè lipase - pancreatic enzymes na bile secreted site imeju. Ka omo, bile emulsifies abụba, ie etịbede nnukwu ụmụ irighiri n'ime ezi ụmụ irighiri mmiri mfe cleavable lipase.

The villi nke obere eriri afọ na-synthesized abụba ụmụ irighiri kpọmkwem maka ahụ mmadụ, na mgbe ahụ, ha na-etinye obi gị dum n'ime Lymph. The Lymph arịa abụba tinye cell, na ha ngafe na-edebe ke subcutaneous abụba ma ọ bụ mmanụ akara.

The ndu ọrụ nke lipids

Site n'ịmụ chemical Njirimara nke abụba, na-elekwasị anya na ha nwere ikike secrete nnukwu ichekwa ike, otu gram nke abụba na-enye 37,8 King James Version nke ike si zuru ọxịdashọn. Ya mere triglycerides - ya ọnyà suppliers. N'ihi ya, abụba - bara uru nri. Ọ maara na ya na-ekwesịghị ịdị na ogologo nchekwa triglycerides "afọ" na rancid, inweta onye wetara isi. Na nke a emee ruru ka kpọtụrụ na mmanụ site ikuku oxygen. Malitere gw mmanụ dị mfe iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-atụkwasịkwa ya potassium iodide. Peroxides ẹdude ke ngwaahịa, a compound na-oxidized ka onwe ayodiin, nke na-akpata a-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba n'elu kọntaktị na starch-nwere bekee.

Abubara na-mkpa ewu ihe owuwu ma na-akụkụ nke cellular membranes na organelles. Great bụ na ọrụ ha na thermoregulation ntule. Ka ihe atụ, ụmụ anụmanụ ibi na nnukwu ogbu ebe mmiri okpomọkụ dị ala, nwere a ọma mepụtara subcutaneous oyi akwa nke abụba, e.g., whales ya nwere ike iru a ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1.5 m. Animals steppe, desert na ọkara desert nwekwara akpọkọtara na ahu ya a zuru ezu ego nke abụba. Ọ dị mkpa ka ha dị ka isi iyi nke endogenous mmiri, dị ka na ọxịdashọn nke abụba na mgbakwunye na ike, a nnukwu ego nke mmiri mmiri. Ndị dị otú ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-agụnye camel, jerboa, shrews.

Lipids akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na-echebe esịtidem akụkụ. The nwoke na-ọma-mepụtara mmanụ akara na-echebe afo, digestive gland nke esịtidem unan. Dị otú ahụ dị oké mkpa akụkụ dị ka akụrụ, mkpa ka a oyi akwa nke abụba. Na a nkọ arọ ọnwụ na a mmadụ gbasara akụrụ omission nwere ike ime n'ihi na thinning nke oyi akwa, nke bụ oké daa ọrịa, disrupts ndị excretory usoro.

High uru nke lipids na guzobere cell membranes. Yana carbohydrates na-edozi ahụ, ha na-etolite abụọ n'ígwé enwe a Mozis Ọdịdị. Ogige nke abụba na-edozi na-akpọ lipoproteins. Ha ka nhọrọ permeability nke cell membranes.

Isiokwu a na-enyocha ndị chemical mejupụtara na Njirimara nke abụba, nakwa dị ka ha na ngwa na ụlọ ọrụ.