Anyanwụ cell mmepụta: technology na akụrụngwa

Mankind nēche ka ịgbanwee gaa ọzọ na isi mmalite nke eletriki tụkwasị-enyere na-a dị ọcha na gburugburu ebe obibi na belata na-eri nke ike mmepụta. Production nke na anyanwụ batrị bụ oge a na ulo oru na usoro. The ike ọkọnọ usoro na-agụnye a anyanwụ ìhè receivers, batrị, akara unit, inverters na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ zubere maka ụfọdụ ọrụ.

The anyanwụ cell bụ isi mmewere, nke-amalite na ìgwè na mgbanwe nke ike ụzarị. Na ụwa nke oge a maka n'ji mgbe ị na-ahọrọ a panel, e nwere ọtụtụ ọnyà, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-enye a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ngwaahịa grouped n'okpuru otu aha.

Silicon anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ

Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ewu ewu na taa na-eji ọkụ. The ndabere nke ha mmepụta etinye sịlịkọn. Ebuka na-na ogbu nke zuru ebe nile na mmepụta nke dịtụ ego. Silicon mkpụrụ ndụ tụnyere mma na larịị nke arụmọrụ nke ọzọ batrị ìhè anyanwụ.

di iche iche nke ihe

Production nke anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ mere nke sịlịkọn a rụrụ na-esonụ ụdị:

• monocrystalline;
• polycrystalline;
• amorphous.

Iche iche iche iche nke n'elu ngwaọrụ na otú sịlịkọn atọm mere ndokwa na a crystal. Isi ihe dị iche na-aghọ dị iche iche akụrụngwa ọcha nke arụmọrụ n'ịtụgharị ìhè ike nke na mbụ na nke abụọ na ụdị bụ mkpokọta na otu larịị na elu karịa ụkpụrụ maka ngwaọrụ nke amorphous sịlịkọn.

taa na ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ọtụtụ ụdị nke anyanwụ na-anakọta nke ìhè. Ihe dị iche n'etiti ha bụ na ụfọdụ na ngwa iji na-emepụta anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke a ụdị n'ichepụta na Usoro na-amalite ihe.

ụdị monocrystalline

A ọcha iso nke sịlịkọn mkpụrụ ndụ jikọọ ọ bụla ọzọ. Site usoro nke Czochralski a ọkà mmụta sayensị mere nnọọ dị ọcha sịlịkọn, nke ka nke otu kristal. The ọzọ usoro bụ ọnwụ nke ọkara na friji na sikwuo ike na efere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 250 300 microns. Thin n'ígwé jupụta na metal ntupu electrodes. N'agbanyeghị elu na-eri nke mmepụta, dị ọcha na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na n'ihi na elu ọnụego nke akakabarede (17-22%).

Ime polycrystalline ọcha

Solar technology nke mmepụta nke polycrystalline bụ na wụrụ awụ sịlịkọn uka na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ mma. Production adịghị achọ oké ọnụ ngwá, ya mere, iji nweta sịlịkọn eri belata. Polycrystalline anyanwụ draịva nwere a nta ọnụọgụ nke arụmọrụ (11-18%), na iche na otu crystal. Nke a bụ n'ihi na na usoro nke na obi jụrụ ndị sịlịkọn uka na-jupụta na obere egosipụta nke grainy, dapụtara na a n'ihu refraction nke ụzarị.

Ihe nke amorphous sịlịkọn

Product na-ezo aka a kpọmkwem ụdị, dị ka ha bụ ndị nke ụdị sịlịkọn na-abịa site aha nke ihe onwunwe na-eji na mmepụta nke anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ a rụrụ site film technology ngwaọrụ. Crystal ke n'ichepụta usoro enye ụzọ sịlịkọn Silon hydrogen ma ọ bụ a mkpa oyi akwa nke na-ekpuchi a mkpụrụ. Batrị nwere kasị ala arụmọrụ uru, ruo 6%. Ọcha, n'agbanyeghị nke drawback nwere ọtụtụ uru na-enye ha nri na-eguzo na akara na n'elu-e kwuru na ụdị:

• ngwa anya absorption uru n'elu iri abụọ ugboro karịa nke otu-crystal na polycrystalline draịva;
• Ọ nwere a kacha nta oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1 micron;
• Keiwuba weather adịghị emetụta ọrụ yie ụwa, na iche ndị ọzọ na umu;
• n'ihi na elu ọnụego nke ekwe ike na-etinyere na-enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla na-esi ike ebe.

The atọ n'elu-kọwara ụdị nke anyanwụ converters gbakwunyere ngwakọ ngwaahịa ihe na-enwe sọrọ Njirimara. Àgwà ndị a na-enweta ma ọ bụrụ na micronutrients na-gụnyere ke nanoparticles ma ọ bụ amorphous sịlịkọn. Ihe ihe yiri polycrystalline sịlịkọn, ma mma na ya ọhụrụ oru egosi.

Raw ihe maka mmepụta nke anyanwụ sel nke film-ụdị CdTe

Oke nke ihe onwunwe na-tụziri nke mkpa iji belata n'ichepụta na-akwụ ụgwọ na-amụba oru e ji mara na-arụ ọrụ. The ọtụtụ ugboro ugboro na-eji ìhè-adọrọ cadmium telluride. Na 70s nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ CdTe e weere isi contender maka ojiji nke ohere na oge a na ụlọ ọrụ, na ọ na ọtụtụ-eji ume nke ìhè anyanwụ.

Nke a ihe onwunwe na nkewa dị ka cumulative nsị, n'ihi ya, anaghị-apụrụ arụmụka ya harmfulness. Scientific ọmụmụ achọpụtawo na larịị nke na-emerụ bekee tọhapụrụ n'ime ikuku, bụ nti na adịghị akpata gburugburu ebe obibi nsogbu. Arụmọrụ ọnụego bụ naanị 11%, ma ndị na-eri nke eletrik dị otú ahụ si gbanwee mkpụrụ ndụ site 20-30% ala karịa na nke sịlịkọn ụdị ngwaọrụ.

Aggregators ụzarị si selenium, ọla kọpa na indium

Semiconductors na ngwaọrụ ndị na ọla kọpa, selenium na indium, mgbe ụfọdụ, kwe ka ndị nnọchi nke ikpeazụ na gallium. Nke a bụ n'ihi na elu ina n'ihi na mmepụta nke indium Monitors ewepụghị ụdị. Ya mere, nke a nnọchi họrọ n'onwe, ebe ọ bụ na ihe nwere yiri Njirimara. Ma, n'ihi na ndekọ arụmọrụ nke nnọchi arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepụta nke anyanwụ cell enweghị gallium enwekwu ngwaọrụ arụmọrụ site 14%.

Sun catchers polima dabeere

A ọcha ikwu na-eto eto technology, dị ka ha nso nso a pụtara na ahịa. Of organic Semiconductors banye ìhè n'ịtụgharị ya n'ime ọkụ eletriki ike. N'ihi na mmepụta were fullerenes carbon otu, polyphenylene, ọla kọpa phthalocyanine, na ndị ọzọ. N'ihi bụ a mkpa (100 nm) na a na-agbanwe film na-enye ọnụọgụ nke arụmọrụ nke 5-7%. The uru bụ obere, ma na mmepụta nke mgbanwe anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ọtụtụ mma akụkụ:

• maka imewe bụghị nọrọ a otutu ego;
• ike wụnye batrị na ubi nke na-agbanwe bends, ebe mgbanwe bụ nke paramount dị mkpa;
• comparative ala na nnweta nke nwụnye;
• Mgbanwe batrị dịghị emerụ mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Chemical etching ke n'ichepụta usoro

The kasị oké ọnụ anyanwụ batrị a multicrystalline ma ọ bụ monocrystalline sịlịkọn efere. Jirichaa oru oma sịlịkọn itinye n'ọrụ ịkpụ psevdokvadratnye ọgụgụ, otu ọdịdị na-enye ohere na ok bed efere ke ọzọ modul. Mgbe ọnwụ usoro ịnọgide na elu nke microscopic n'ígwé agbajikwa ebupụta nke na-kpochara site etching na texturing mma n'ikuku nke ahụ merenụ ray.

The emeso n'elu aka ahụ na-anọchi anya na-enweghị usoro na-ewekar microprism Imokụt si emenye nke ìhè na-abia n'akụkụ ebupụta nke ọzọ projections. Echikwapụ Usoro udidi reflective ihe onwunwe ebelata site banyere 25%. The etching usoro eji a usoro nke acid na alkaline agwọ ọrịa, ma adịghị anakwere ukwuu belata oyi akwa ọkpụrụkpụ, n'ihi na efere ike idi na-esonụ nhazi.

Semiconductors na Solar

anyanwụ cell mmepụta technology na-egosi na ihe ndị bụ isi echiche nke ngwá electronic ike bụ a pn-nkwụsị. Ọ bụrụ na otu efere ikpokọta electronic conductivity nke n-ụdị na p-ụdị conductivity bụ p-ụdị, n'ókè nke kọntaktị n'etiti ha emee pn-nkwụsị. Ihe bụ isi ahụ Njirimara nke definition bụ ohere na-eje ozi dị ka a mgbochi, na-atụ uche na ọkụ eletrik n'otu uzo. Ọ bụ nke a pụrụ isi kwuo ya-enye gị ohere igosi a na-fledged na ime nke anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ.

Dị ka a n'ihi nke phosphoric mgbasa efere njedebe kpụrụ n-ụdị oyi akwa, nke dabeere elu nke mmewere na a omimi nke 0,5 microns. Rụpụta nke anyanwụ cell na-enye a na-emighị emi penetration nke ebu abụghị ihe ịrịba ama, nke na-ebilite n'okpuru nduzi nke ìhè. Ha n'ime mmetụta nke pn-nkwụsị ebe kwesịrị mkpụmkpụ, ma ọ bụ na ha nwere ike akwụ mgbe ha zutere onye ọ bụla ọzọ, otú bụghị igbanye ọ bụla ego nke na ọkụ eletrik.

The ojiji nke plasma-chemical etching

Na anyanwụ batrị Ọdịdị nyere na a n'ihu n'elu grille arụnyere nnara ugbu a na azụ n'akụkụ, nke bụ a na-aga n'ihu na kọntaktị. N'oge mgbasa phenomena, ihe electric circuit n'etiti abụọ ụgbọ elu na-ebute site ná njedebe ihu.

Iji wepu mmechi, akụrụngwa na-eji n'ihi na anyanwụ na mkpụrụ ndụ, nke na-enye ohere ime ya na enyemaka nke plasma-chemical, chemical etching, ma ọ bụ ịkpata, site laser. usoro nke plasma chemical ikpughe a na-eji. Etching a rụrụ n'otu oge maka a tojupụtara nke stacked sịlịkọn efere ọnụ. Pụta nke usoro na-adabere na oge nke ọgwụgwọ, ndị mejupụtara pụtara size nke n'ámá nke ihe onwunwe, na ugboelu direction nke ion eruba na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Ngwa nke antireflection mkpuchi

Site n'itinye a udidi na ihe mmewere n'elu echiche na-ebelata ka 11%. Nke a pụtara na nanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ụzarị gosipụtara si n'elu na adịghị etinye aka guzobere ọkụ eletrik. Iji belata dị otú ahụ weere ka n'ihu n'akụkụ nke mmewere na ntekwasa na miri emi penetration nke ìhè pulses, n'echeghị echiche ha azụ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-echebara iwu nke Gbasara Anya, chọpụta ihe ndị mejupụtara na ọkpụrụkpụ nke oyi akwa, otú ahụ ka mmepụta na echichi nke na-ntekwasa anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ belata echiche ruo 2%.

Kpọtụrụ metallization nke n'ihu n'akụkụ

The n'elu mmewere e mere na-banye karịa ego nke radieshon kpebisiri ike site chọrọ na akụkụ na nkà na ụzụ e ji mara nke etinyere metal. Ịhọrọ imewe nke n'ihu nke injinia kpebiri abụọ megidere nsogbu. Mbenata ngwa anya weere n'akparamagwa thinner edoghi na ha ndokwa na a anya si ibe. Rụpụta nke anyanwụ batrị na ibu ntupu size na-eduga ná eziokwu na akụkụ nke ihe-ndebe enweghị oge iru na kọntaktị na-efu.

Ya mere, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị etozu uru nke anya na ọkpụrụkpụ nke ọ bụla metal akara. Oke mkpa ibe nke na-emeghe ohere na elu nke otu maka adọrọ ka ụzarị, ma ọ bụghị na-emefu a otutu ugbu a. Modern ụzọ nke itinye metallization iso na stencil obibi akwụkwọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ nke ihe onwunwe bụ ziri ezi silver-tapawa. N'ihi na ojiji nke mmewere arụmọrụ adahade site 15-17%.

Metallization on n'azụ n'akụkụ nke ngwá

metal mkpuchi azụ n'akụkụ nke ngwaọrụ pụtara na abụọ nkata, ọ bụla nke rụrụ ya ọrụ. Thin aga n'ihu oyi akwa n'elu ofụri elu, ma e wezụga n'ihi na ụfọdụ oghere sputtered aluminum na oghere jupụtara a silver mado, nke na-arụ ọrụ nke a na kọntaktị. Solid aluminum oyi akwa na-eje ozi dị ka a mirror ngwaọrụ n'azụ n'akụkụ nke free ebubo nwere ike na-efu na dangling nkekọ nke crystalline lattice. Dị otú ahụ na a mkpuchi 2% ọzọ anyanwụ ogwe-arụ ọrụ na ike. Consumer reviews na-ekwu na ndị a ọcha bụ ihe inogide na-adịghị nke ukwuu-adabere na urukpuru ihu igwe.

Production nke anyanwụ ogwe na ha onwe ha aka

Ike ọkọnọ si anyanwụ, ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịtụ ma wụnye n'ụlọ, n'ihi na ha na-eri taa bụ nnukwu iji. Ya mere, ọtụtụ ukwu omenkà na nna na mmepụta nke anyanwụ ogwe n'ụlọ.

Ịzụ photovoltaic ngwa iwu maka onwe-nzukọ nwere ike ịbụ na Internet na dị iche iche na saịtị. ha bara uru na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke efere eji na ikike. Dị ka ihe atụ, ala-ike ngwa iwu, si 63 ka 76 watts na 36 efere bụ 2350-2560 rubles. karị. Ọ na-nweta ọrụ ihe culled si mmepụta edoghi n'ihi ihe ọ bụla.

Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ụdị photoelectric akakabarede ga-gaa na akaụntụ eziokwu na polycrystalline mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide ọgwụ na urukpuru ihu igwe na-arụ ọrụ na ya rụọ ọrụ nke ọma monocrystalline ma nwere a mkpumkpu ndụ. Monocrystalline nwere elu arụmọrụ ke anyanwụ ihu igwe, na ha ga-adịru ogologo oge.

Iji hazie mmepụta nke anyanwụ ogwe n'ụlọ, gị mkpa gbakọọ ngụkọta ibu niile ngwaọrụ na a ga-kwadoro site inverter nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu, na-ekpebi na ikike nke ngwaọrụ. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ, mgbe na-ewere n'ime akaụntụ na n'akuku nke panel. Ụfọdụ artists na-agụnye ekwe omume nke mgbanwe ndị na-kwụrụ ụgwọ ọnọdụ nke ụgbọelu, dabere na elu nke cheta na oyi - si ọkpụrụkpụ nke snow.

Dị iche iche ihe na-eji Nlụpụta ụlọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe aluminum ma ọ bụ igwe anaghị Nye nkuku mee plywood, urughuru osisi na ihe ndị ọzọ. The uzo akụkụ ka nke ihe organic ma ọ bụ nkịtị iko. Sales ugbua soldered anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-eduzi ndị dị otú ahụ na-azụ ahịa bụ mma dị ka mfe nzukọ ọrụ. The efere na-adịghị stacked onye na ndị ọzọ - na ala nwere ike inye microcracks. Solder na agbanwe agbanwe oge etinyere na mbụ. Jikọtara ọcha mfe, ịtụkwasị ha na na na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ. Mgbe oké ọgwụgwụ nke efere na-welded na busbars (wider eduzi), mgbe mmepụta "mwepu" na "plus".

Mgbe nke a na-arụ ọrụ a na-anwale ma kaa akara panel. Foreign nwe ogige ji mee ihe maka nke a, ma ha bụ nnọọ oké ọnụ n'ihi na anyị na ndị omenkà. Arụrụ n'ụlọ converters jiri akàrà silicone, na azụ n'akụkụ ntekwasa na ghọọ dabeere na acrylic.

Ná mmechi anyị ga-asị na reviews nna-ukwu nke mere anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ na aka ha, ziri ezi mgbe nile. Ozugbo okodu ego na n'ichepụta na nwụnye nke transmitter, ezinụlọ ngwa ngwa na-akwụ n'ihi na ha na-amalite na-azọpụta site na iji free ike.