Fullerene - ihe bụ nke a? Properties na ngwa nke fullerenes

Molekụla allotropic ụdị carbon ma ọ bụ ya mgbanwe, fullerene, - a ogologo akara C _{n (n>} 20) atọm ụyọkọ, nke na-emechi convex polyhedra wuru nke carbon atọm na-enwe a pentagonal ma ọ bụ hexagonal ihu (ebe a na e nwere nnọọ obere wezụga). Carbon atọm na unsubstituted fullerenes agbasaghị inwe sp ² -Hybrid ala na a nchikota nọmba nke 3. N'ihi ya na-kpụrụ a * Tụkwasị conjugate unsaturated usoro dị ka valence nkekọ Ozizi.

general nkọwa

The kasị thermodynamically mụ n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ ụdị carbon - graphite, nke anya dị ka a tojupụtara na o siri ike jikọọ na onye ọ bụla ọzọ Graphene Ibé akwụkwọ: a ewepụghị lattice, esịnede hexagonal mkpụrụ ndụ, ebe vertices - carbon atọm. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ejikọta ya na atọ agbata obi atọm, nke-anọ valence elektrọn Nleta a pi-usoro. Ya mere, fullerene - ọ bụ kpomkwem a molekụla ụdị, ie foto sp ² -Hybrid ala bụ doro anya. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ewebata na Graphene mpempe akwụkwọ geometrical ntụpọ-apụghị izere ezere Nleta a mechiri emechi Ọdịdị. Ka ihe atụ, ndị dị otú ahụ ntụpọ na-ise-membered yiri mgbaaka (pentagonal ihu), kpọmkwem otu, tinyere nkịtị hexagonal carbon onwu.

Euler si Theorem na-ekwu na mmepụta nke a mechiri emechi polyhedron na vertices trohkoordinirovannymi omume ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ịme iri na abụọ pentagons, n'agbanyeghị nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hexagonal ihu. N'ihi ya, nke kacha nta size of a fullerene - bụ chie C ₂₀ dodecahedron. Otú ọ dị curvature yiri akụkụ, na-enwe a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon atọm dị elu, ya mere ka Sp ² -Hybrid ala bụghị nnọọ mma, ebe ọ bụ carbon prefers planar nchikota. Ọ bụ ya mere ndị kasị nta na ya dị ọcha ụdị nwetara fullerene - bụ C _60, na-enwe na Ọdịdị nke a truncated mgbe icosahedron. Na ya na hexagonal ihu na-kewapụrụ onye ọ bụla ọzọ niile pentagonal. Fullerene Chemistry na-akpọ nke a bụ eziokwu ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ Pentagon na-achị, ọ bụ isiokwu a n'ezie inweta fullerene.

usoro

Gidrantirovanny denoted C ₆₀ fullerene (C ₆₀ HyFn). Nke a inogide hydrophilic supramolecular mgbagwoju, nke ndị mejupụtara otu molekul nke fullerene C ₆₀ ke akpa shei hydrant na iri abụọ na anọ mmiri ụmụ irighiri. Nke a bụ fullerene onye usoro - C ₆₀ (H ₂ O) _24. Ọ mejupụtara iri abụọ hexagons na iri na abua pentagons, atugharị yiri a bọl bọl. Ọzọkwa, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke fullerene C ₇₀ Mmeju dị ka n'etiti akụkụ, nke ga-niile pentagons bụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, adịghị adị. Ebe ọ bụ na C ₇₈ fullerene Ọdịdị na-enye ohere na-edebe ọtụtụ anụ isomers nke ọ bụla carbon ọkpụkpụ. Theoretically ọ bụ omume na e nwere fullerenes na carbon atọm nke ọ bụla ọbụna ọnụ ọgụgụ, "elu fullerenes".

The nkwadebe nke fullerenes site aak emee ọzọ mgbe ọ bụ elektrọn-doo usoro na site laser evaporation nke graphite na a helium ikuku. Kporo ntụ, nke condenses n'elu nke chernobyl, na-emeso na refluxing benzene, toluene, xylene ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ organic solvents. The ngwọta na-Takọọ, akpụ a black ghọọ mmanụ, iri na iri na iri na ise pasent esịnede C ₇₀ na C ₆₀ fullerenes nakwa dị ka nnọọ obere ichekwa elu fullerenes.

The ruru n'etiti dị iche iche furellenami nwere ike ịdị iche iche, dabere na njikọ kwa, ma a na ₆₀ C jupụta, ọ bụ ọtụtụ ugboro ukwuu. N'etiti ndị kasị elu C _78, C ₇₆ C _84. Na izugbe picture e a ojuju na nkezi nke fullerene njikọ nke niile na ngwaahịa. Nke a bụ n'ihi, dịcha, na a ala puru nke gbakọta nnukwu owuwu nke obere ụyọkọ ibido Takọọ.

Mmiri nwere fullerenes

Kacha ọsọ na ọtụtụ na-amụ bụ C _60, ebe otu molekul nke umi n'ezie nwere iri-na-anọ mmiri ụmụ irighiri. Nke a fullerene molekul nwere nnukwu symmetry, ebe niile atọm bụ Ẹkot. Ya * Tụkwasị ụdị bụ n'ebe dị anya site na etiti nke atọm nuclei na banyere 0,36 nm na a okirikiri nke banyere 0,5 nm. Ọ Nleta a molekụla crystal na nke ụmụ irighiri na-ihu na-eche nanị cubic lattice, atọ oyi akwa densest * Tụkwasị mbukota. Na elu okpomọkụ, ₆₀ C sublimes enweghị akpụ a mmiri mmiri na-adọ. Best niile na ọ na-etisasịwo na aromatic bekee nke ụdị carbon disulfide solvents, na polar - ukwuu njọ. An elongated ellipsoidal udi ₇₀ C, yana elu fullerenes nwere anụ ahụ Njirimara yiri nnọọ ka C _60.

Na na ubi nke onwu ha ihe ndị ọzọ na-emesapụ aka ma na-enye ohere ọ bụla ka ha dị iche iche ọmụmụ nke nkwekọrịta: Metallofullerenes, heterofullerene. Family nke ngwaahịa na ano niile ekzoendralnogo (outer-) njikọ, n'ihi na onye ọ bụla carbon atọm - dị mmeghachi omume na saịtị. Ndị a bụ ndị Njirimara nke fullerenes. Ha na-esonyere site na-eke ọhụrụ ngwaahịa, halogen atọm na hydrogen, organic radicals, affiliation ọbụna cycles nwere ike ime. N'ihi ya nwetara polima ihe nwere fullerenes Multigrade compound. ₆₀ K C enyekwara na iri anọ na asatọ substituents enweghị ebibi ndị carbon ọkpụkpụ. N'ihi ya, ihe atụ, na-enwetara site C ₆₀ F _48, na ọtụtụ ndị dị otú ahụ ogige na-tinye n'ọrụ, nke ntọala bụ fullerenes.

ngwa

Almost fullerenes nwere mmasị na-kpamkpam dị iche iche ebe. Na echiche nke ha electronic Njirimara nwere ike-atụle ha na ha emepụta dị ka Semiconductors. Fullerenes ngwa ngwa banye UV radieshon, ha nwere elu elektrọn-wezụgara ike. All ndị a Njirimara eme ka o kwe itinye ha na photovoltaic, photoelectric sensọ, anyanwụ-kwadoro ngwaọrụ nke dị iche iche na molekụla ngwá electronic. Fullerenes na-tinye n'ọrụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ dị ka antiviral na antimicrobial mmadụ, dị ka mmadụ na photodynamic ọgwụ na m. P.

Modern teknụzụ ekwe dịtụ ngwa ngwa dịkwuo ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji iji nweta ọzọ fullerenes nwekwara mma na ndị ọzọ ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na-arụ ọrụ ụzọ maka ọgwụgwọ ha. Ọ bụ ya mere ndị na-eri, n'ihi na ihe atụ, C ₆₀ jụrụ n'ụzọ kemgbe afọ iri na a ọkara (na iri puku na iri na iri na iri na ise dollar kwa gram). Ugbu a anyị na-eche a ọnọdụ ebe n'ezie ulo oru ngwa na fullerenes ada onye. Ha were na-eto eto na-eto eto kwa ụbọchị.

N'ihi na ihe ọmụma banyere oghere

Fullerenes aha ya bụ mgbe ama-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na engineer Richarda Bakminstera Fullera, onye na ndabere nke ha mebere atumatu mepụtakwara na geodesic Ọdịdị. Na mbụ, a na klas nke ogige a na-ejedebeghị na Ọdịdị, nke gụnyere naanị isii na pentagonal ihu. Ọ bụrụ na ndị mejupụtara nke fullerene molekul na mgbakwunye na carbon atọm bụ ugbu iche iche chemical ọcha, na ha na-emi odude n'ime carbon ọkpụkpụ, ndị na-akpọ endohedral fullerenes. Ọ bụrụ na ndị atọm nke ọzọ ọcha na-emi odude n'èzí fullerenes na-nwetara exohedrally. Aha-ha, nke a molekụla ụdị bụ nnọọ ogologo oge gara aga - na 1985, mgbe a ìgwè nke na-eme nnyocha mere na-atụghị anya chọpụtara nke fullerene. Obere, Kroto, Curl na ndị ọzọ na chemists mụọ graphite ụzọ abụọ nke e nwetara site na laser ablation (irradiation) siri ike. ọnụ ọnụ na-hụrụ nke nwere a maximal njupụta kwekọrọ ekwekọ na ụyọkọ nke iri isii na iri asaa na carbon atọm.

Ya mere, anyị gbakọọ molekul C ₆₀ na C _70, nakwa dị ka amụma na nke mbụ molekul e wuru ke udi nke a truncated icosahedron. Ọ bụ ihe kasị nkịtị C ₆₀ aha ya bụ bakminsterfullerenom na ndi fọduru nke molekul - nnọọ fullerenes.

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-chemists na-ọma ọfiọkde ije na chetara Fuller, onye wuru na dome na ụlọ otú - pentagons, hexagons wara njakpa, nke ahụ bụ ntọala nke na Ọdịdị nke molekụla ọkpụkpụ nnọọ niile nke fullerenes. Otú ọ dị, nke a bụ - a na-adọrọ mmasị akụkọ, na-enweghị ihe na-akpali akụkọ ihe mere eme. Na-ekwe omume nke ịdị adị nke ndị dị otú ahụ ụmụ irighiri dịtụ na mbụ e dere na Japan (1971), na usoro iwu ndabere e nwetara na-ebipụta na USSR (1973). Ma, ọ Kroto, Curl na Small natara na Nobel chọr'inwe na onwu.

Nature na technology

Nkwadebe nke dị ọcha fullerene bụ omume site wuru njikọ. A ogige nọgidenụ na-intensively mụọ na mba dị iche iche, na-esetịpụ ọnọdụ n'okpuru nke ha guzobere na-adị, na a na-ewere fullerene Ọdịdị na ha Njirimara. Ihe na-esiwanye na-eto eto ubi nke ngwa. Ọ hụrụ na a ịrịba ego nke fullerenes ẹdude ke soot, nke a kpụrụ na graphite electrodes na aak agbapụta n'ahụ. Tupu nke a bụ eziokwu bụ nanị mgbe hụrụ ọzọ.

Mgbe fullerenes mepụtara ha n'okpuru laabu ọnọdụ, carbon ụmụ irighiri na malitere achọpụtara ke uwa. Na Karelia, anyị hụrụ ha na shungites samples, India na United States - na furulgitah. Ọzọkwa ọtụtụ na Ugboro carbon ụmụ irighiri na meteorites na sediments na ala, nke bụ ihe na-erughị iri isii na nde ise afọ. On Earth ọcha fullerenes pụrụ kpụrụ si àmụmà na combustion nke eke gas. Air samples adia na Mediterranean, e mụọ na 2011, na ọ chọpụtara na ihe niile samples e - si Istanbul na Barcelona - na e nwere a fullerene. Physical Njirimara nke umi ka n'amaghi guzobere. Ọzọkwa nnukwu ichekwa ya na-hụrụ na mbara - na na gaseous ala, na na a siri ike ụdị.

njikọ

The mbụ nwere nke mwepu nke fullerenes mere site na condensed vapors nke graphite, nke e nwetara site irradiation nke laser irradiation nke siri ike graphite n'omume. Jisiri naanị metụtara nke fullerenes. Naanị na 1990 site na chemists Huffman, Nwa Atụrụ ahụ na Kretschmer mepụtara a ọhụrụ usoro nke mmepụta nke fullerenes na gram quantities. Ọ gụnyere ọkụ graphite electrodes site electric aak na ihe ikuku nke helium na n'okpuru ala nsogbu. Bụ ozize nke anode na-ulo mgbidi owụt kporo ntụ nwere fullerenes.

Ọzọkwa, soot na-etisasịwo na toluene ma ọ bụ benzene, na n'ihi ngwọta guzo grams ọcha ụmụ irighiri C ₇₀ na C _60. Ruru - 1: 3. Ọzọkwa, a ngwọta ugbua ka enwere arọ na abụọ percent elu iji fullerenes. Ugbu a ọ dị mfe: họrọ ezigbo parameters maka evaporating - mejupụtara nke ikuku, nsogbu, electrode n'obosara, ugbu a na na, iji nweta ihe kacha mkpụrụ fullerenes. Ha ruo iri na abụọ percent nke ahụ n'ezie anode ihe onwunwe. Ọ bụ ya mere oké ọnụ fullerenes bụ.

mmepụta

All mgbalị ibuo ọkà mmụta sayensị na mbụ ahụ enweghị isi: elu ma dị ọnụ ala ụzọ nke na-amị fullerenes bụ. Ma ọkụ ire ọkụ nke hydrocarbons ma ọ bụ chemical njikọ kụrụ afọ n'ala. electric aak usoro a kasị arụpụta, na-enye ohere ị na-enweta banyere otu gram nke fullerenes kwa awa. The ụlọ ọrụ Mitsubishi ka mepụtara usoro n'ichepụta ihe combustion nke hydrocarbons, ma ha na-adịghị ọcha fullerenes - ha nwere oxygen ụmụ irighiri. Na otú anya ọ na-anọgide edoghị na usoro nke guzobere a umi, n'ihi na aak Filiks bụ oké ejighị n'aka si a thermodynamic ele ihe anya, na ọ bụ nnọọ ike na-egbochi echiche nke ozizi. Naanị apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na-egosi na-anakọta onye fullerene carbon atọm, i.e. C ₂ iberibe. Otú ọ dị, ihe doro anya na foto nke guzobere a umi na a kpụrụ.

The elu na-eri nke fullerene kpebisiri ike ọ bụghị naanị na ala zaa mgbe ọkụ. Nweghị, ọcha, nkewa nke fullerenes nke dị iche iche pụta soot - niile ndị a Filiks bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju. Karịsịa na-echegbu ikewapụ ngwakọta n'ime iche iche molekụla fractions, nke na-enwe site na mmiri mmiri kọlụm chromatography na elu nsogbu. Ikpeazụ ogbo nke mgbaze residues na-ewepụ si na-ama siri ike fullerene. N'ihi na nke a sample na-nọ n'okpuru ike agụụ na okpomọkụ nke ruo abụọ na narị abụọ na iri ise degrees. Ma uru bụ na n'oge na mmepe nke fullerene C ₆₀ na-enweta ya na macroscopic quantities ama organic onwu ka toro onwe ha alaka - onwu nke fullerenes, nke ghọọ incredibly-ewu ewu.

uru

Fullerene nkwekọrịta na-eji dị iche iche ubi nke technology. Foils na fullerene kristal - okporo ọkụ enwe photoconductivity n'okpuru ngwa anya irradiation. Kristal C _60, ma ọ bụrụ na doped atọm nke alkaline ọla, ntughari ka a steeti superconductivity. fullerene ngwọta nwere adịghị n'ahịrị ngwa anya Njirimara, ya mere nwere ike a ga-eji dị ka ihe ndabere nke ngwa anya shutters ndị dị mkpa maka nchebe pụọ ufiop radieshon. Ọzọkwa fullerene eji dị ka a mkpali maka diamond njikọ. Fullerenes na-ọtụtụ-eji usoro ndu na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Ọ mîdaha atọ Njirimara ndị a na ụmụ irighiri: ịchọpụta membranotropnyh lipophilicity, elektronodefitsit enye ike mmekọrịta free radicals, ma ikike iji nyefee oxygen molekul ot ha onwe ha obi ụtọ kwuo na ime ka ndị na oxygen singlet.

Dị otú ahụ reactive bekee ọgụ biomolecules: nucleic asịd, ndi na-edozi, lipids. Mere oxygen na umu na-eji na photodynamic ọgwụ maka cancer ọgwụgwọ. The ọrịa ọbara na ẹkenam photosensitizers, amụba reactive oxygen umu - n'ezie fullerenes ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta-ya nile. Ọbara eruba na akpụ bụ ike ọgwụgwụ ka na ike anụ ahụ, na n'ihi na photosensitizers akpọkọtara na ya, na mgbe irradiation ntụziaka nke molekul na-kpaliri na-amụba reactive oxygen umu. cancer mkpụrụ ndụ na-enwe apoptosis, na akpụ na-ebibi. Ke adianade na - fullerenes nwere antioxidant Njirimara na ọnyà reactive oxygen umu.

Fullerene lowers HIV integrase ọrụ, a protein na bụ maka na mwekota nke virus n'ime DNA site mmekọrịta na ya site na-agbanwe conformation na-anapụ ya nke na naa isi ọrụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime fullerene nkwekọrịta emekọ kpọmkwem DNA na inhibit edinam restiktaz.

More banyere nkà mmụta ọgwụ

N'afọ 2007, mmiri-soluble fullerenes malitere ga-eji na-eri nri ha ka antiallergic mmadụ. Studies e duziri na ọbara mmadụ na mkpụrụ ndụ na e kpughere fullerene nkwekọrịta - C60 (Net) x na C60 (OH) x. Na nwere na ndụ ntule - ụmụ oke - pụta mma.

Ugbua, a umi ji dị ka a ọgwụ nnyefe vector, n'ihi na mmiri nwere fullerenes (cheta hydrophobicity C ₆₀₎ penetrates cell akpụkpọ ahụ dị mfe. Ka ihe atụ, erythropoietin - akụrụ hormone banyere kpọmkwem n'ime n'ọbara, bụ rụrụ arụ na a ịrịba ego, na ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eji ọnụ na fullerenes, ịta-abawanye ruo ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ, n'ihi na ọ na-akawanye n'ime cell.