Gịnị bụ ndịda Afrika na ụwa

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ajụ a narị mmadụ: "Gịnị bụ ndịda Afrika na mbara ala", nri, Ewoo, na-enwe ike ikwu bụghị onye ọ bụla. Iji ẹbọhọ obi abụọ ọ bụla nke ndị na-amaghị azịza nke ajụjụ a, a ndoputa otu mgbe, na ndịda Afrika bụ Antarctica. Ọ e meghere site na-adịbeghị anya nke Ụwa kọntinent.

Na search of Antarctica

The oge ochie ọdịdị mbara ala na ndị njem-enyo enyo na ndịda Ụwa ga-abụ oké Afrika. N'oge ọ na-search maka Australia chọpụtara, nke dịwo atụle a akụkụ nke a Afrika. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ na-maara agwaetiti nso Antarctica. Ogologo oge tupu ya oghere tinye n'ihu ọtụtụ hypotheses banyere ịdị adị nke a ụfọdụ South ala. Iji chọta ya zitere ọtụtụ njem ndị mmadụ merela, nke nwere ike na-chọpụta nnukwu agwaetiti na Afrika, ma na Mexico a ogologo oge-enweghị ike ịhụ. Ke ọmụmụ New Zealand James Cook chọpụtara na bụghị a ntule akipelago ndịda Afrika.

The ndịda Afrika ke ụwa meghere a Russian njem edu F. F.Bellinsgauzena January 28, 1820. Na 1831-33, na English nchoputa George. Biscoe ụgbọ mmiri gburugburu Antarctica. Ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 19 gara ka Antarctica maliteghachiri ruru ka na-amụba mkpa nke whaling. Ná ngwụsị nke XIX na narị afọ ahụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Chile ice-ese ọtụtụ njem ndị mmadụ merela: Norwegian, Scottish na Belgium.

Na 1898-99 afọ Borchgrevink nọrọ mbụ oyi n'ebe ndịda Chile (Cape Adare). N'oge a, ọ bụ ike iji nyochaa ihu igwe na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri mmiri. O kpebiri ịkwaga n'ime obodo inyocha ya atụmatụ.

Oghere nke narị afọ nke 20

Na narị afọ nke 20, ndị na-amụ coldest nkuku nke mbara ala gara n'ihu. Na 1901-04 njem ndịda Afrika (foto nke ị nwere ike ịhụ n'ụzọ doro anya n'okpuru) mere R. Scott. Ụgbọ ya "Nchọpụta" abịawo n'ikperé nke Ross Sea. Dị ka a n'ihi nke njem Peninsula Edward na Ross Ice e meghere. Scott bụ ike na-anakọta data na geology, minerals, na osisi fauna nke Antarctica.

Na 1907-09 afọ na English nchoputa Shackleton chọrọ na sled na South osisi, na-emeghe ụzọ maka otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu kpụkọrọ - Beardmore glasia. Ma n'ihi n'ihi ọnwụ nke sled nkịta na ponies o nwere na-atụgharị azụ tupu eru osisi 178 km.

The mbụ bụ onye ike iru South osisi, bụ a Norwegian pola nchoputa R. Amundsen (December 1911). Dị nnọọ a ọnwa gasịrị na North osisi rutere otu edu Scott. Otú ọ dị, n'ụzọ azụ, tupu eru 18 km na ha isi mara ụlọikwuu, ndị njem na zuru ike n'iyi. Ha na diaries hụrụ naanị 8 ọnwa gasịrị.

Great onyinye ọmụmụ nke Antarctica mere ka onye Australian geologist D. Mawson, ọ mapped n'elu 200 obodo akpọkwa (ala, Princess Elizabeth, Queen Mary, Mac Robertson na ndị ọzọ).

Na 1928, ndịda Afrika ke ụwa ụgbọelu, gara American pola nchoputa na pilot R. zawa Baird. Site na 1928 ruo 1947, n'okpuru idu ndú ya 4 njem ndị mmadụ merela e rụrụ, nke rụpụtara na ọrụ na seismological, geological na ndị ọzọ ọmụmụ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-chọpụtara na Antarctica bụ nnukwu ego nke coal.

research ụgbọ

Na 40-50 afọ na oké Afrika na-amalite na-ike a research ojii na a isi n'ihi na Ala gbara osimiri okirikiri Research. N'oge a bụ banyere 60 dabeere ụgbọ bụ ndị dịịrị mba 11.

Ebe ọ bụ na mbubreyo '50s n'oké osimiri na asa Chile, ifịk ifịk na-eduzi Oceanic ọrụ, rụrụ Geophysical nnyocha na continental anyịnya ụgbọ, mụụrụ ihe njem n'ime obodo. Na 1959 ọ nọ na-aka mba nkwekọrịta na Antarctica, nke so mee ka ndị na-amụ ice Afrika. Na 1965 e e meghere "Mirny" Soviet Observatory. Na a anya nke 1400 km si n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọ e tọrọ ntọala ọzọ nnyocha ebe USSR - "East". "Lazarev", "Novolazarevskaya", "Komsomolskaya" mwepu 88.3 C, na nkezi August okpomọkụ na mpaghara ebe a bụ mwepu 71 C. Mgbe e mesịrị Antarctica ndịda Afrika Soviet replenished ọtụtụ ụgbọ - na ndekọ ala okpomọkụ e dekọrọ na ebe nke ebe , "Leningrad", "Youth." Ugbu a, na coldest osisi kwa afo zitere dị iche iche njem ndị mmadụ merela.

Njirimara nke Afrika

Coldest Afrika ina kpamkpam n'ebe ndịda na mpaghara, a na-akpọ ndị Antarctic (Grik "mgbochi" pụtara "megide"), ya bụ, na ọ bụ ihe kasị ebe ugwu nke ebe Earth - Arctic.

Nke Afrika nwere na-achịkọta? The ndịda Afrika bụ na 48-60 degrees Yu.Sh. Ya ebe na ice shelves - 13 975 000 square mita. m. Size n'ókèala na continental emighị emi 16.355 sq. m. M. The kasị ọnụ ọnụ ebe ugwu - Cape Sifre, ọ bụ nnọọ ogologo ma dị warara, ndinyanade mbịne site ntụziaka nke South America.

Chile Center na-conventionally akpọ "osisi nke inaccessibility", ọ na-emi odude banyere 660 km si South osisi. Na ogologo nke oké osimiri - 30 thous. Km.

enyemaka

Anyị na-anọgide na-amụ oyi Afrika ke ihe zuru ezu. The ndịda Afrika ekewa abụọ zones: mgbọrọgwụ na ice. Ala nke Antarctica ji site ice dị larịị nke na-aga site ná mpụga Chile na ewepụghị, na mgbe ahụ na a jiri nwayọọ undulating mkpọda. Ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike teren nke ala gbara osimiri okirikiri zones: ndị ọzọ ebe nke ice mpempe akwụkwọ na cracks na sara mbara ọzara nke ice shelves na nke i nwere ike ịhụ ndị ice ndu. Antarctica - ọ bụghị nanị ndị kasị ndịda kọntinent nke ụwa, ma na-kasị elu. The nkezi elu nke elu - 2040 m, nke fọrọ nke nta atọ ugboro ukwuu karịa nkezi elu nke ọzọ na-.

Iche na ọdịdị ala hụrụ na Eastern na Western akụkụ nke Afrika. East Antarctica - na ọ bụ ice mpempe akwụkwọ, nke adahade steeply si n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'ime obodo ọ na-aghọ ndagwurugwu. The etiti bụ a dị larịị na iru 4000 m, ọ na-atụle ihe ice ike. Na West Antarctica bụ atọ glaciation center na a elu nke 2.5 puku. Mita. N'ụsọ oké osimiri na-esetị ndagwurugwu nke ice shelves. Ugwu ndị kasị elu: Kerpatrik (4530 m) na Sentinel (5140 m).

minerals

Chọrọ ịmụta ihe ọmụma banyere Chile? The ndịda Afrika bụ ọgaranya ego ígwè ore, coal, graphite, nkume kristal, gold, uranium, ọla kọpa, mica, silver. Otú ọ dị, na-ebu Ngwuputa arụmọrụ siri ike n'ihi nke dị ike ice mpempe akwụkwọ. Ma ọ bụla ikpe Antarctic subsoil atụmanya dị nnọọ elu.

ihu igwe

The idụhe bụ oyi pola Afrika na continental. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na polar n'abalị Antarctica dịruru ọtụtụ ọnwa, kwa afọ ngụkọta dose of radieshon bụ fọrọ hà radieshon parameters na Equatorial mpaghara.

Gịnị bụ ndịda na Afrika, anyị na-achọta. Ma n'agbanyeghị nke ya na ọnọdụ na Southern Hemisphere, ọ bụ ebe a na e nwere a oyi osisi nke mbara ala. Na 1960, "Vostok" ebe e dere okpomọkụ - 88,3 C. The nkezi oyi okpomọkụ - si - 60 C ka - 70 C, na n'oge okpomọkụ - si -30 C ka -50 C. Near ala gbara osimiri okirikiri temometa mgbe adahade n'elu 10-12 degrees. Na oyi na n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ banyere - 8 C. The oyi ikuku pụta na-lekwasị ke Central n'ógbè Antarctica, eke katabatic ifufe, nke bụ ụsọ oké osimiri nke iru nnọọ elu gbapụrụ ọsọ, mgbe mgbe, ọbụna ha ghọọ a hurricane. Ọdịda emee adịkarịghị na naanị n'ụdị snow. Iru mmiri - bụghị ihe karịrị 5%.

Flora na fauna

Ọ bụ na ọtụtụ afọ gara aga na a Afrika bụghị ebighi oyi. Ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na osimiri nakwa n'ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị ifriizi. Ugbu a, Otú ọ dị, ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi na mpaghara a bụ nnọọ iche iche. Ahịhịa nke Antarctica - a lichen, acha anụnụ anụnụ-green algae na mosses. The ụmụ anụmanụ a na-hụrụ nwere nku ụmụ ahụhụ, freshwater azụ, terrestrial mammals. Na ala gbara osimiri okirikiri ebe, nesting penguins, skuas, petrels, na-ebi na oké osimiri agụ owuru akàrà na akàrà.

South America

Ọ bụrụ na ị kwere na South America - ndịda Chile, mgbe ahụ, ị na-ezighị ezi. Ọ na-emi odude ke Southern na na na Northern Hemisphere. Afrika na jikọọ North America site Isthmus nke Panama, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site Atlantic Ocean ma n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - na Pacific. Ya ebe - 17.8 nde square mita. km. (The anọ kasị Afrika). Ọ enyene 13% nke ala. Na ogologo nke South America site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda - 7350 km, site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - banyere 4900 km.

The Afrika ekewa 6 ala ebe:

1. Andes ugwu usoro (na-agba dum ogologo nke ọdịda anyanwụ).
2. Brazil na Guiana ugwu
3. Pool Orinoco (ala-ịgha ụgha òkè n'etiti Guiana ala dị larịị na Venezuelan Andes).
4. Amazon di ala ala (gbatịrị si n'ebe di ala ala nke Andes na Atlantic Ocean).
5. Na mbara ọzara nke Paraguay, Bolivia na Pampa Chaco.
6. Patagonia ala dị larịị.

Ibu na nke kasị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo South America: Santiago, Buenos Aires, Lima, Sao Paulo, Bogotá, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas.

gara aga Afrika

Gịnị bụ n'ebe ndịda Afrika ruo ogologo oge agha nnwere onwe ha? Na narị afọ nke 16, South America e colonized site Spaniards. The Dutch, na Portuguese, na British karịsịa ọrụ nanị, na n'ebe ugwu. N'ihi na a ogologo oge, na ọdụm òkè nke Afrika bụ esenidụt ókèala ndị Spanish Alaeze Ukwu. Anaghịkwa si Spanish Protectorate mere n'isi narị afọ nke 19 ka a N'ihi nke a ọbara agha maka onwe. Na ethnically South America bụ a ngwakọta nke Indian bi, na Spanish, ọzọ European mba na North America.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekwu na na-emi odude ke Chile, na-ji na-adịghị ike mmepe. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-ghọtara site ike ulo oru nche.

Australia

South Chile Australia bụ banyere 5% nke elu nke ụwa. Dị ka Antarctica, ọ bụ kpamkpam na Southern Hemisphere. Ọ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ "green Afrika". Area Chile - 7.659.861 sq. km. Ọ erukwa site n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda - 3700 km, na site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - banyere 4000 km. The coastline - 35 877 km. Ala jupụtara na nkume nke ụsọ oké osimiri nke Afrika kama mkpumkpu. The kasị jupụtara na nkume ebe - ndịda na n'ebe ugwu nke ụsọ oké osimiri.

Australia-na-asa site na Indian na Pacific oké osimiri, dị ka nke ọma dị ka oké osimiri ahụ: Tasman, Coral na Timor. Ọ bụghị nnọọ site Chile bụ agwaetiti nke Tasmania, nakwa dị ka n'àgwàetiti New Guinea. Na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri bụ a pụrụ iche Great Barrier Reef (a n'usoro coral kpụkọtara ọnụ na n'àgwàetiti, ogologo-ya bu 2300 km). N'agbata n'ikperé Australia na Barrier Reef bụ ndị na-akpọ Big laguunu, na a omimi nke 100 m, ọ na-ọma-echebe site na oké osimiri na ebili mmiri.

weather

Ugbu a, ka anya na ihu igwe dị n'ebe ndịda na-enye, na na omume nke Australia. Fọrọ nke nta atọ-ebe nke ya n'ókèala a na-ji site n'ọzara, na ọkara desat. Northern ebe bụ na ogbe, na ndịda-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mediterranean ihu igwe, na n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'àgwàetiti Tasmania - a agafeghị oke.

Gịnị ka anyị nwere ebe a na ọgwụgwụ? Gịnị bụ ndịda Afrika? Ugbu a, i nwere ike n'enweghị ekwu na ọ bụ na oyi na-apụghị ịbanye abanye Antarctica. Australia, kwa, bụ kpamkpam na Southern Hemisphere, ma anya si Afrika na oké Afrika bụ ọtụtụ puku kilomita.