Helium: Njirimara, e ji mara, ngwa

Helium - inert gas nke otu 18 nke oge table. Nke a bụ nke abụọ lightest mmewere mgbe hydrogen. Helium - gas enweghị agba, isi na uto nke na-aghọ mmiri mmiri na okpomọkụ nke -268,9 Celsius C. esi ebe na ya kefriza ebe obere karịa nke ọ bụla ọzọ mara umi. Ọ bụ naanị mmewere na-adịghị mee na obi jụrụ na nkịtị ikuku nsogbu. Ọ kwagara siri ike kwuo ga 25 atmospheres, na okpomọkụ nke 1 K.

History of chọpụtara

Helium anāchọta gas ikuku gburugburu anyanwụ, French-enyocha mbara igwe Pierre Zhansenom na na 1868 n'oge eklips hụrụ a na-egbuke egbuke odo akara na ụdịdị dị iche iche nke anyanwụ chromosphere. Ná mmalite ọ chere na a akara na-anọchi anya mmewere sodium. N'otu afọ, English-enyocha mbara igwe Dzhozef Norman Lockyer hụrụ a odo akara ke anyanwụ ụdịdị dị iche iche, nke na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi mara sodium edoghi D ₁ na D _2, na Ya mere, ọ na-aha ya a akara D _3. Lockyer kwubiri na ọ e mere site a umi ke Sun na-amaghị ama na Earth. Ọ na mmiri ọgwụ Edward Frankland na aha mmewere iji Grik aha 'Helios' Anyanwụ dị

Na 1895, ndị British mmiri ọgwụ Sir Uilyam Ramzay abụrụwo ịdị adị nke helium on Earth. Ọ natara sample cleveite uranium-amị minerals, na mgbe o nyochara ihe, haruru kpụrụ n'oge kpo oku, ọ na-hụrụ na-egbuke egbuke odo akara na ụdịdị dị iche iche na-ekwekọ n'àgwà nke akara D _{3, kwuru,} sị na anyanwụ ụdịdị dị iche iche. N'ihi ya, a ọhụrụ mmewere e mesịrị arụnyere. Na 1903 Ramsay na Frederick Soddy hụrụ na helium bụ ngwaahịa nke n'amaghi ire ere nke redioaktivu bekee.

Nkesa na ọdịdị

Uka nke helium bụ banyere 23% nke ngụkọta uka nke eluigwe na ala, na mmewere bụ nke abụọ kasị nkịtị na ohere. Ọ na-lekwasị ke kpakpando, ebe hydrogen a kpụrụ si dapụtara anọ na. Ọ bụ ezie na helium na ikuku bụ na a ịta nke 1 part 200 nke. (5 ppm) na na-dị na obere redioaktivu minerals, meteorite gland, nakwa dị ka ịnweta isi mmalite, buru ibu nke mmewere dị na United States (karịsịa Texas, New Mexico City, Kansas, Oklahoma, Utah, na Arizona) dị ka akụrụngwa (ka 7.6%) nke eke gas. Obere na ya mee a chọpụtara na Australia, Algeria, Poland, Qatar na Russia. Na jikọrọ ọnụ helium ịta bụ naanị banyere 8 ppb.

isotopes

The isi nke ọ bụla nke helium atọm dere abụọ protons, kama, dị ka ndị ọzọ na-ọcha, na ọ nwere isotopes. Ha na-ebu site na otu isii neutrons, otú ha uka nọmba sitere na site atọ na asatọ. Anụ ndị a bụ ndị ọcha onye ibu kpebisiri ike site helium ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 3 ⁽³ Ọ) na 4 ⁽⁴ Ọ). All ọzọ redioaktivu na ngwa ngwa ere ere n'ime ọzọ bekee. Ụwa helium abụghị ihe mbụ akụkụ nke mbara ala, ọ nọ na-guzobere n'ihi nke redioaktivu ire ere. Alpha ahụ enwupụta nuclei nke redioaktivu arọ bekee na-isotope ⁴ O ntọala. Helium anaghị akpọkọtara na nnukwu quantities na ikuku, n'ihi na Ụwa ike ndọda bụ zuru ezu iji gbochie ya jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eri eri n'ime ohere. Metụtara nke ³ Ọ na ụwa na-kọwara na-adịghị mma beta ire ere hydrogen obere-3 mmewere (tritium). ⁴ Ọ bụ ihe kasị nkịtị anụ isotopes: ⁴ ruru nke Ọ atọm n'ebe ³ Ọ bụ n'ihe dị ka 700 puku 1 ikuku na banyere 7 nde site 1 ụfọdụ helium-ọgaranya minerals ..

The nkịtị Njirimara nke helium

esi na agbaze n'ókè nke a ihe na-kasị ala. N'ihi nke a, helium dị ka a gas ma e wezụga na oké ọnọdụ. Ọ gas na-etisasịwo na mmiri na-erughị na nke ọ bụla ọzọ gas, na ọnụego nke mgbasa site siri ike ahụ bụ ugboro atọ ka nke ikuku. Ya Refractive index nke ezigbo na-eru nso 1.

The thermal conductivity nke helium bụ nke abụọ naanị hydrogen thermal conductivity, kpọmkwem okpomọkụ na ya n'ụzọ elu. Na nkịtị okpomọkụ ọ bụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ n'oge mgbasa, na n'okpuru 40 K - mma. Ya mere, n'oge T <40 K helium nwere ike converted n'ime a mmiri mmiri site ịgbasa.

Mmewere bụ ihe insulator, ma ọ bụrụ na adịghị na ionized ala. Dị ka ndị ọzọ magburu onwe, haruru, helium nwere a metastable ike na ọkwa na-ekwe ka ọ na-ionized site electric agbapụta n'ahụ mgbe a voltaji bụ n'okpuru ionization nwere.

Helium-4 pụrụ iche na ya nwere ihe abụọ na mmiri mmiri iche-iche. Na mbụ na-akpọ helium m na-adị na okpomọkụ sitere na site esi n'ókè nke 4,21 K (-268,9 ° C) na banyere 2,18 K (-271 ° C). Lower thermal conductivity nke 2,18 K ⁴ Ọ na-aghọ 1000 ugboro ukwuu karịa nke ọla kọpa. Nke a na ụdị a na-akpọ helium II, ka ọ dị iche na ndị nkịtị. Ọ superfluid: viscosity dị oke obere na ọ pụghị tụrụ. Helium II-agbasa n'ime a mkpa film n'elu bụla àkù nke na-echegbu, na a film na-eru enweghị esemokwu ọbụna megide ike ndọda.

Obere ukwuu helium-3 Nleta atọ dị iche iche na mmiri mmiri n'ụzọ, abụọ nke ndị superfluid. Superfluidity na ⁴ Ọ chọpụtara site Soviet physics Petrom Leonidovichem Kapitsey ke ufọt ufọt 1930s, na otu onu na ³ Ọ mbụ chọpụtara site Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, na Robert C. Richardson nke United States na 1972.

A mmiri mmiri ngwakọta abụọ isotopes nke helium-3 na -4 na okpomọkụ n'okpuru 0,8 K (-272.4 ° C) na-kewara abụọ n'ígwé - ihe nnoo ọcha ³ Ọ na ⁴ Ọ ngwakọta na 6% of helium-3. Mgbasa nke ³ Ọ na ⁴ Ọ na-esonyere ndị jụrụ mmetụta nke na-eji cryostat owuwu nke helium okpomọkụ bụ n'okpuru 0.01 K (-273,14 ° C) na nọgidere na-enwe maka ụbọchị ole na ole.

njikọ

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, helium bụ na ya inert. Na oké nwere ike ịmepụta a compound mmewere na na nkịtị okpomọkụ na nsogbu na-egosi adịghị ike. Ka ihe atụ, helium nwere ike na-etolite ogige na ayodiin, tungsten, fluorine, site na sọlfọ ahụ, mgbe doro ihe ọkụ na-egbukepụ egbukepụ agbapụta n'ahụ ma ọ bụ site elektrọn bombardment na plasma ala. N'ihi ya, ọ e kere HeNe, HgHe _10, WHe ₂ na molekụla ion Ọ ₂ ⁺ ₂ Ọ bụghị ^++, HeH ⁺ na HeD ^+. Nke a na Usoro Umuihe a na-anọpụ iche molekul Ọ ₂ na HgHe.

plasma

Na eluigwe na ala advantageously ekesa ionized helium, onye Njirimara dị iche n'ụzọ si molekụla. The electrons na protons e jikọrọ, na ya nwere nnọọ elu eletriki conductivity ọbụna a ikpe ionized ala. On ebubo ahụ na-ukwuu na-enwe mmetụta magnetik na electric ubi. Ka ihe atụ, na anyanwụ ifufe na helium ion emekọ na ionized hydrogen magnetosphere n'ụwa, na-eme Aurora borealis.

The chọpụtara nke ego na US

Mgbe egwu ala na 1903 na Dexter, Kansas, e nwetara site na-abụghị flammable gas. Ná mmalite, ọ na-amaghị na ọ na e dere helium. Nke gas hụrụ, mata obodo Erasmus Haworth geologist, onye anakọtara ya samples na University of Kansas via chemists Kedi Gamiltona na David McFarland hụrụ na ọ na e dere 72% nitrogen, 15% methane, 1% hydrogen na 12% na-mata. Mgbe ọ nọrọ ụdi analysis, na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara na 1,84% nke sample nke helium. Ya mere na anyị maara na a chemical mmewere bụ ugbu a na nnukwu quantities ke ogbu nke Great n'Ọzara, ebe ọ pụrụ amịpụtara si eke gas.

ulo oru mmepụta

Nke a mere ka ndị United States ụwa mmepụta nke helium ndú. Na aro site Sir Richard Threlfall, na US Navy kwụrụ ụgwọ atọ obere pilot osisi na-emepụta a umi n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ iji hụ na-ekwu ọtụtụ balloons fechaa na-abụghị flammable n'ibuli gas. Dị ka ihe omume a na-emepụta ngụkọta nke 5700 m ³ 92 pasent Ọ, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-enwetara na ọ dịkarịa ala 100 lita gas. Part nke a ego e ji ụwa mbụ helium airship na US Navy C-7, nke mere ka ya nwa agbọghọ njem si Hampton Roads (Virginia) na Bolling Field (Washington, DC) December 7, 1921.

Ọ bụ ezie na usoro nke ala okpomọkụ mmiri mmiri gas n'oge ahụ e zuru ezu mepụtara na-ịrịba n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, mmepụta gara n'ihu. Helium na-eji dị ka a inwego gas n'ime ụgbọelu. Ina ya amụbawo n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mgbe e ji ya mee ihe a Ọgba aak ịgbado ọkụ. The mmewere na-nwere ihe dị oké mkpa na ihe e kere eke nke atọm bọmbụ "Manhattan".

US National idobere

Na 1925, United States ọchịchị kere National idobere nke helium n'Amarillo, Texas, na-enye ndị agha airships n'oge agha na azụmahịa airships na peacetime. The ojiji nke gas dara mgbe Ụwa nke Abụọ, ma na ngwaahịa na-ụba na 1950 iji nye, ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ na-enye dị ka a coolant-eji na mmepụta nke oxygen-hydrogen propellant n'oge ohere agbụrụ na Agha Nzuzo. The ojiji nke helium na United States na 1965, asatọ ugboro elu karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na oriri na oge agha.

Mgbe doo nke iwu na helium 1960 Mining Bureau streak 5 onwe ụlọ ọrụ wepụ mmewere si eke gas. Nke a na usoro e wuru 425-km pipeline jikọọ ndị a osisi na ndị ọchịchị na-ezughị ezu depleted gas ubi nso n'Amarillo, Texas. Helium-nitrogen ngwakọta pumped n'ime ala nchekwa, na nọgidere n'ebe ahụ ruo ọ dịghị mkpa na ya.

Site na 1995, olu nke ngwaahịa a kpọkọtara ijeri cubic mita, mgbe ụgwọ nke National idobere nke 1.4 ijeri dollar, nke kpaliri US Congress ke 1996 ka-adọ ya. Ịgbaso doo ke 1996 nke iwu na privatization nke helium Ministry of Natural Resources ulo oru a liquidation ụlọ ahịa dị na 2005.

Clean na mmepụta

Helium emepụta ruo mgbe 1945 afọ nwere a na-adị ọcha nke banyere 98%, ndị ọzọ 2% nọ nitrogen na ezuworo airships. Na 1945, ọ na-emepụta a obere ego nke 99.9 percent nke gas maka ojiji na aak ịgbado ọkụ. Site 1949, ịdị ọcha nke dapụtara mmewere ruru 99,995%.

N'ihi na ọtụtụ afọ na United States na-emepụta ihe karịrị 90% nke ụwa azụmahịa helium. Ebe ọ bụ na 2004, ọ bụla afọ e-arụ ọrụ 140 nde m ^3, 85% nke ime na United States, 10% e rụrụ na Algeria, na ndị fọdụrụ - na Russia na Poland. Ndị bụ isi helium n'ụwa bụ eke gas ubi nke Texas, Oklahoma na Kansas.

The usoro maka inweta

Helium (ọcha 98,2%) na-natara site na liquefaction nke eke gas site ndị ọzọ mmiri na ala okpomọkụ na na elu nrụgide. The adsorption nke gas ndị ọzọ mma ọrụ carbon nwere ike nweta na-adị ọcha 99,995%. A obere ego nke helium emepụta n'oge ikuku liquefaction na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ. Nke 900 ise nke ikuku nwere ike inwe banyere 3,17 cubic mita. m gas.

Fields nke ngwa

Noble gas e etinyere na dịgasị iche iche.

• Helium, nke Njirimara ekwe nweta nnọọ ala okpomọkụ, na-eji dị ka a jụrụ gị n'ụlọnga ke LHC, MRI superconducting magnet apparatuses na nuclear magnetik resonance spectrometers, satellite ngwá, nakwa dị ka ndị liquefaction nke oxygen na hydrogen na akụ ụta "Apollo".
• Dị ka inert gas maka ịgbado ọkụ aluminum na ndị ọzọ. Ọla ke imewe nke Semiconductors na ngwa anya emep uta eri.
• .. Ka ịmepụta mgbali na mmanụ ụgbọala tankị nke rọketi engines, karịsịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mmiri mmiri hydrogen, t naanị helium gas na-echebe ya ala nke aggregation mgbe hydrogen na-anọgide na mmiri mmiri);
• Ọ-Ne gas lasers na-eji ike iṅomi ndị barcode na igbe ọrụ na Ahịa.
• Helium-ion mikroskopu-enye gị ohere inweta ihe kasị mma image karịa electronic.
• Ruru akwa permeability nke nējide onwe-gas na-eji nwalee leaks, ihe atụ na ụgbọ ala ntụ oyi usoro, nakwa dị ka ngwa ngwa ndochi na airbag n'elu nkukota.
• Low njupụta na-enye ohere ji achọ bọọlụ jupụtara helium. The inert gas na-anọchi mgbawa hydrogen gas na airships na balloons. Ihe atụ, na Meteorology, helium balloons na-na-ebulikwa e ji atụ egwú.
• The cryogenic coolant na-eji, ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke chemical mmewere na kacha nta na o kwere omume mmiri mmiri ala.
• Helium, nke Njirimara enye ya a ala reactivity na mmiri solubility (na ọbara), na a ngwakọta na oxygen hụrụ ngwa akụkụ okuku ume na formulations maka ndakpu ala mmiri na-ejide caisson ọrụ.
• Meteorites na nkume na-nyochaa maka ọdịnaya nke a mmewere ikpebi afọ ndụ ha.

Helium: Njirimara nke mmewere

Ọ isi nkịtị Njirimara ndị dị ka ndị:

• Atomic nọmba: 2.
• The ikwu uka nke helium atọm: 4,0026.
• -Agbaze uche: dịghị.
• Esi ebe: -268,9 Celsius C.
• Njupụta (1 igwe ndọrọ ego, 0 ° C): 0,1785 g / n.
• ọxịdashọn ala 0.