Herbert Spencer: biography na isi echiche. English ọkà ihe ọmụma na ọkà ná mmekọrịta nke mbubreyo XIX narị afọ,

Herbert Spencer (afọ nke ndụ - 1820-1903) - a ọkà ihe ọmụma nke England, isi nnọchiteanya ga-ekesa na 2nd ọkara narị afọ nke 19 evolutionism. O bu n'uche site a holistic nkà ihe ọmụma, edo ihe ọmụma dabeere kpọmkwem sayensị ma ruru na ya mmepe nke a eluigwe na ala obodo. Ya bụ, n'echiche nke ya, bụ ndị kasị elu larịị nke ihe ọmụma, na-ekpuchi ụwa dum nke iwu. Dị ka Spencer, ọ bụ evolutionism, ya bụ development. Isi ọrụ site na nke a na-ede akwụkwọ: "Psychology" (1855), "System nke Sịntetik Philosophy" (1862-1896), "Social Statistics" (1848).

Early ndụ Spencer

Herbert Spencer A mụrụ 1820, April 27, na Derby. Uncle, nna ya na nna nna ya bụ ndị nkụzi. Dara ogbenye ahụ ike nwere Herbert na ndị mụrụ ya na-ọbụna na-efu a ugboro ole na ole na-enwe olileanya na nwa okoro ga-alanarị. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ na-egosi na ọ bụla phenomenal ike, amụtara m na-agụ na naanị 8 afọ, Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ bụ nnọọ mmasị na ya. Herbert Spencer n'ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ umengwụ na gbasasịa na otu isi ike ma na-enupụ isi. Ya si zụlite e kwere nkwa ọlụlụ na ụlọ nna, bụ onye chọrọ nwa-ya nweela pụrụ iche na onwe ha echiche. Herbert site ná mmega ka mma ha ike.

Education Herbert Spencer

E zigara ya ka afọ 13, dị ka English omenala, nwanne nna ya Ezi nlekota anya. Thomas, Spencer nwanne, bụ onye nchụàjà na Bath. Ọ bụ "a mahadum mmadụ." Herbert na ya siri ọnwụ, nọgidere akwụkwọ na Cambridge University. Otú ọ dị, mgbe a afọ atọ preparatory N'ezie m gara n'ụlọ. O kpebiri ịnọgide agụmakwụkwọ ha na ha onwe ha.

Kwara mmakwaara Herbert Spencer na agụmakwụkwọ ọzụzụ na-adịghị natara. Ọ bụ ezi akwụkwọ nke ndụ, nke e mechara nyere aka imeri ọtụtụ ihe isi ike ndị okosobode ke idozi dị iche iche na nsogbu.

Spencer - engineer

Spencer nna chọrọ ka nwa ya nwoke ịghọ onye nkụzi, ị ga-eso nzọụkwụ ya. Ịnata a abụọ muta, n'ezie, ọ nyeere ọnwa ole na ole n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ebe ọ na-amụrụ ya onwe ya otu ugboro, onye nkụzi. Na Spencer gosiri talent dị ka onye ozizi. Ma ọ bụ ihe nwere mmasị na sayensị na mgbakọ na mwepụ karịa philology na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ya mere, mgbe na-ewu nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè sụrụ engineer, ọ nabatara na-enye na-enweghị oge, Herbert Spencer. Ya biography n'oge a na-akara site na o na-arụ ọrụ ya, ọ sketched atụmatụ, sere map. Anyị nwere mmasị a thinker ọbụna mepụtakwara a pụrụ iche ngwá ọrụ ( "velocimeter"), iji tụọ ọsọ nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Atụmatụ Spencer dị ka a ọkà ihe ọmụma

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime progenitor ọkà ihe ọmụma Herbert Spencer, onye biography a kọwara n'isiokwu a, dị iche iche bara uru n'aka nke uche. Nke a na-eweta ya na Comte, nchoputa nke positivism, na Renouvier, Neo-na, kwa, ọ bụghị mezue N'ezie nke Humanities na mahadum. Nke a na atụmatụ a instrumental ke kpụworo mbụ nkà ihe ọmụma echiche Spencer. Ma, e nwere n'ime ya na drawbacks. Ihe atụ, o, ka Comte, amaghị ika nke German asụsụ, otú ọrụ nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ndị e dere na ya, ike na-agụ na mbụ. Ke adianade do, ke akpa ọkara narị afọ nke 19 na England nọgidere na-amaghị German ụbụrụ na-aghọ (Schelling, Fichte, Kant, na ndị ọzọ.). Naanị kemgbe mbubreyo 1820s, ndị British na-amalite matakwuo na-ede akwụkwọ si Germany. The mbụ nsụgharị n'otu oge dị nnọọ ogbenye mma.

Self-akụziri, mbụ nkà ihe ọmụma odide

Na-aka nke Spencer na 1839 ọdịda n'ime "Principles of Geology" Lyell. O zutere a mejupụtara na ozizi nke mmalite nke ndụ. Spencer ka nkọ engineering oru ngo, ma ugbu a na-doro anya na ọrụ a bụ a siri ike ego ọnọdụ ọ na-adịghị ekwe nkwa. Herbert na 1841, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ na kemgbe afọ abụọ ke onwe-akụziri. Ọ na-etinye maara ọrụ nke ochie nke nkà ihe ọmụma na bipụtara n'otu oge mbụ ya ọrụ - isiokwu dere maka "ndị na-abụghị conformists", ewepụtara okwu nke ezi ókè nke ọchịchị ọrụ.

Herbert ọzọ 1843-1846 afọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na engineer, na-eduga na ụlọ ọrụ. O nwere mmasị ọzọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Great mmetụta dọgburu na ya n'ọhia nwanne nna Thomas, a nchụàjà, bụ onye gbasoro, na iche ndị ọzọ so Spencer ezinụlọ, mgbanwe echiche, sonye onye kwuo uche ije, Chartists, nakwa dị ka n'ịrịọ maka abolition nke Ọka Iwu.

"Social Statistics"

Spencer na 1846 ghọrọ otu nnyemaaka nchịkọta akụkọ nke "The Economist" (-enwe kwa izu). Ọ na-akpata ihe ọma, na-etinye ya mapụtara oge ọrụ. Herbert ede, "na-elekọta mmadụ ọnụ ọgụgụ", nke mmepe nke ndụ were dị ka nke na-egosipụta nke nta nke nta Chineke echiche. O mechara hụrụ nke a echiche kwa teologichnym. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ a, Spencer etinyere na-elekọta mmadụ ndụ nke ozizi evolushọn.

Ọ hụrụ edemede a ọkachamara. Ẹdọhọ na ịhụnanya Spencer ELLISTE, Lewis, Huxley. Ọzọkwa, a na-arụ ọrụ akwụ ya admirers na ndị enyi dị otú ahụ dị ka Hooker, Georg Groth, Stuart Mill. Naanị na Carlyle mmekọrịta adịghị. Echiche na jụụ Spencer ike ya ńsí enweghị nchekwube.

"Psychology"

Ọkà ihe ọmụma sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ịga nke ọma nke mbụ ya na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ ebipụta na oge site na 1848 ka 1858 a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ na-enyocha ihe ndị plan, mmejuputa nke ga-achọ itinye a ndụ. Spencer eji na "Psychology" (nke abụọ akwụkwọ, bipụtara na 1855) na ikwu na akparamaagwa nke amụma nke eke si malite umu na-egosi na a ọnyà ahụmahụ nwere ike ekewet na-apụghị ịkọwa onye. Ya mere, Darwin kweere na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma dị ka otu n'ime ya ụzọ.

"Sịntetik Philosophy"

Nke nta nke nta, Spencer amalite ịzụlite nke usoro. Ọ na-enwe mmetụta na-empiricism nke ya ụzọ, tumadi Mill na Hume kwuru, Kant si nnyocha, refracted site prism nke Hamilton (nnọchiteanya nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke na-akpọ "ihe ezi uche na"), nakwa dị ka positivism nke Comte na eke na nkà ihe ọmụma nke Schelling. Otú ọ dị, isi echiche nke ya na nkà ihe ọmụma usoro bụ echiche nke development.

"Sịntetik Philosophy", ọrụ bụ isi, Herbert ka raara afọ 36 nke ndụ ya. Nke a na-arụ ọrụ bụ ebube Spencer, nke mara ọkwa kasị amamiihe ọkà ihe ọmụma nke ndụ n'oge ahụ.

Herbert Spencer na 1858, kpebiri iji gwa n'akwụkwọ nke ọrụ nke na ndenye aha. The mbipụta mbụ, o bipụtara na 1860. Na oge site 1860 na 1863 bịara "Basic Principles". Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ihe isi ike ego mbipụta na o siri ike na-enwe ọganihu.

ihe isi ike ego

Spencer ahụhụ isi ike na ọnwụ, bụ na verge nke ịda ogbenye. Anyị kwesịrị tinye n'ọrụ a nke gbochiri ụjọ gwụrụ. Na 1865, ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma kwuru ilu na-agụ akwụkwọ na-amanye kwụsịtụ mmepụta nke usoro. Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, mgbe Herbert na nna ya nwụrụ, ọ natara a obere nketa, nke a na-dịtụ mma ya ọnọdụ ego.

Maruuru Youmans, bipụtara na US

Herbert Spencer n'oge zutere Youmans, ihe American, nke bipụtara ọrụ ya na United States. Ná mba a, dị nnọọ ewu ewu Herbert aghọ tupu na England. Nkwado n'ụzọ ihe onwunwe ya nwere Youmans na American Fans, na-enye ohere onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na-maliteghachi n'akwụkwọ nke ya akwụkwọ. Afọ 27 nke ọbụbụenyi na-aga n'ihu Youmans na Spencer, na ọnwụ nke mbụ. Aha Herbert nwayọọ nwayọọ na-mara. Ina ya akwụkwọ. Ọ na-ekpuchi na 1875, ego losses, uru.

Spencer na-eme ka na afọ 2 njem ndịda nke Europe na na America, bi na ukwuu n'ime London. Na 1886, ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma n'ihi ọrịa a manyere ịkwụsịtụ ya 4 ọrụ afọ. The ikpeazụ olu e bipụtara na 1896, na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.

Herbert Spencer: Basic mata echiche

The oké ọrụ nke ya ( "Sịntetik Philosophy") mejupụtara 10 mpịakọta. Ọ na-agụnye "Basic Principles", "gbadoro akparamaagwa", "Foundations nke Biology", "Foundations nke Sociology". The ọkà ihe ọmụma na-ekwere na ihe ndabere maka mmepe nke ụwa dum, na-gụnyere dị iche iche ọha mmadụ, bụ ihe evolutionary iwu. Okwu nke "incoherent homogeneity" abatakwa "coherent heterogeneity", nke na-ọdịiche dị. Nke a iwu bụ eluigwe na ala, na-ekwu Herbert Spencer. Obere nkọwa na ọ na eleghara niile nuances, ma nke mbụ maara na nkà ihe ọmụma nke a bụ ezuru. Spencer kọrọ ya ihe na a kpọmkwem ihe onwunwe dị iche iche ubi, tinyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ. Ọ jụ nkà mmụta okpukpe nkọwa nke Herbert Spencer. Sociology ọ bụ nke na-enweghị njikọ na Chineke. Ya nghota ya nke ịrụ ọrụ nke ọha a ndụ organism nke oyiri akụkụ gbatịrị nso nke na-amụ ihe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma na-amụ ya. Dị ka Herbert Spencer, iwu nke ịha bụ ihe ndabere evolushọn. Ọdịdị nke ihe ọ bụla n'ahụ, nke ya Aims ka mgbe niile na-aga azụ ndị gara aga kwuo. Nke a bụ organicism nke Herbert Spencer. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị bụ isi bara uru bụ nke ịzụ odide evolushọn bụ ngwa ngwa. Na ikwu na-eme n'ọdịnihu bụ bụghị dị ka nchekwube dị ka Mill na Comte, Herbert Spencer. The isi echiche nke ya na anyị na-eji nkenke oge na-atụle.

Ọkà ihe ọmụma nwụrụ na 1903, December 8, na Brighton. Ọ dịrị ndụ, n'agbanyeghị ya ogbenye ahụ ike, ihe karịrị 83 afọ.

Herbert Spencer si Ozizi bịara mara ka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ. Taa, anyị agaghịkwa na-eche ma ọ bụ chefuo banyere onye jiri nchọpụta nke a ma ọ bụ na echiche. Herbert Spencer, sociology na nkà ihe ọmụma nke na-egwuri a nnukwu ọrụ na mmepe nke ụwa echiche, bụ otu nke kasị ukwuu uche n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.