Ihu ọkpụkpụ: mmewere ahụ. Ihu ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi

mmadụ okpokoro isi n'ụdị ogtogeneze dabara ịrịba mgbanwe. Na utero na ọhụrụ mụrụ nwa okpokoro isi ọzọ bụ ahazi, n'ihi na eziokwu na ụbụrụ ọzọ mepụtara na na ya ma na-nọrọ n'ụlọ ọ na-achọ a ibu cranial ikike. The udi nke okpokoro isi dịgasị dị ka ezé na-eto eto na ofu ịta uru.

Iche ihu ọkpụkpụ

The okpokoro isi nwere ọdịdị ihu na ụbụrụ ngalaba. Ókè dị n'agbata azụ na orbital oke. Cranial ọkpụkpụ bụ ewepụghị. Ha sonyeere seams na-ekwe ka ibu nke niile cranial ọkpụkpụ. Mgbe ha osifikeshịọn ibu akwụsị.

The n'ihu na ngalaba nke okpokoro isi na-emi esịnede gọzie gị na onu cavities. Site unpaired na-agụnye:

• ethmoid ọkpụkpụ;
• opener;
• hyoid ọkpụkpụ.

Nke ụzọ guzo:

• ihe elu agha;
• gọzie gị ọkpụkpụ;
• incisive;
• lacrimal;
• malar;
• webbed;
• Palatine ọkpụkpụ;
• ala agha;
• turbinate.

Ka anyị tụlee ọkpụkpụ niile nke ọdịdị ihu okpokoro isi.

maxilla

Nke a ọkpụkpụ bụ a uzuoku ụlọ. Ọ mejupụtara a na ahu na anọ Filiks. The ahụ na-agụnye a maxillary imi, nke agwa a obosara mkpịwa na ọ dịghị òkè oghere. The ahụ mejupụtara a n'ihu, infratemporal, ophthalmic na ọ dịghị òkè na-ebupụta.

Front n'elu nwere a concave udi. On ya ókè bụ infraorbital region n'okpuru bụ nke dị oghere infraorbital irighiri akwara na arịa. N'okpuru ya - oghere n'ụdị nke canine fossa. Na medial ihu na-ekara ụta ọma bee, nke a n'ihu oghere otú ahụ gọzie gị oghere. The ala onu omume na-emepụta dịghị òkè spain.

Site orbital elu-emepụta a ala orbital mgbidi enwe a ezigbo concave zita udi. Na mpaghara nke medial ihu ya ókè-ala-ya na lacrimal ọkpụkpụ, orbital efere na ọkpụkpụ. Na azụ nke ókè-ala-agba tinyere ala orbital fissure si ebe amalite infraorbital furrow. Front ghọọ ndị infraorbital kanaal.

Infratemporal n'elu-kere si pterygopalatine na infratemporal-palatal olulu. Front ya demarcated na zygomatic usoro. Ọ doro anya guzo n'ugwu nke n'agba, ebe sitere na alveolar oghere, mbịne n'ime kwesịrị ekwesị ọwa. Ndị a ọwa na-arụ ọrụ arịa na irighiri akwara sogide molars.

imi elu a kpụrụ site a mgbagwoju ọdịdị ala. Ọ na-achọkwa na ọkpụkpụ nke elu-igwe na ala shei imi, na-aga elu nke palatal ọkpụkpụ. N'elu doro anya na anya maxillary razschelina n'ụdị a triangle. N'Ihu ọma kwupụtara a vetikal uzo, nke e jikọtara ya na ala shei na ọ dịghị òkè lacrimal ọkpụkpụ.

Ọzọkwa ọdịdị ihu okpokoro isi ọkpụkpụ na-aga n'ihu frontal abụba inyịme si elu n'agba ozu na ebe nke convergence nke gọzie gị, ophthalmic na n'ihu na-ebupụta. Otu njedebe nke usoro na-abịakwute ụta nke frontal ọkpụkpụ. On mpụta n'elu ina lacrimal crest agafe n'ime infraorbital region, delimiting na dọkatụrụ adọka furrow. Na medial n'elu bụ okporo mbo riiji na-ejikọ na ndị zygomatic ọkpụkpụ.

Zygomatic usoro, na-ahapụ ihe n'agba, nwekwara converges na zygomatic ọkpụkpụ.

Alveolar ọkpụkpụ - a oké efere na otu akụkụ concave, na ndị ọzọ - convex exiting si agba. Ya ala ọnu - ya alveolar aak recesses (lune nha nha) 8 maka elu ezé. Alveolar ogige iji hụ na nnweta mezhalveolyarnyh partitions. N'èzí ekenyela elevations, karịsịa n'ụzọ doro anya owụt ke ihu mpaghara.

Scion elu na a kwụ efere. Ọ na-esite n'ebe gọzie gị elu, ebe ọ na-aga na-alveolar ọkpụkpụ. Ya elu bụ ezigbo onye na-emepụta a na ala mgbidi gọzie gị oghere. The medial ókè nwere a-akpọlite imi riiji, nke na-emepụta palatal usoro, na ijikọta na ihu coulter.

The ala n'elu roughness bụ dị iche iche, na-eguzo na-azụ nke Palatine furrow. The medial ihu na-ejikọrọ na otu abụba na aka nke ọzọ, adịru a ike okpo ọnụ. The n'ihu onu nke oghere na ọwa chizul na n'azụ - na-achọkwa na ndị palatal ọkpụkpụ.

Palatine ọkpụkpụ

Ihu ọkpụkpụ na-paired na unpaired. Palatine ọkpụkpụ na-ezo aka ụzọ. Ọ mejupụtara perpendicular na kwụ efere.

The kwụ efere nwere nkuku anọ. Ọnụ na Palatine ọkpụkpụ outgrowths ọ bụ mbara igwe. A kwụ ala efere nwere a ike ike n'elu. Gọzie gị elu, na iche, bụ ire ụtọ. Therealong na abụba dị dịghị òkè maxillary crest agafe n'ime imi ọkpụkpụ.

Perpendicular mgbidi efere gụnyere gọzie gị oghere. On ya mpụta elu nke uzo bụ nnukwu mbara igwe. Ọ, tinyere grooves nke elu agha na abụba nke sphenoid ọkpụkpụ, na-eke a nnukwu igwe ọwa. Na njedebe, ọ bụ a onu. Na medial elu nke efere, a ụzọ kwụ crests - otu okporo ka ndị ọzọ na - na-asa.

Site Palatine ọkpụkpụ na ọdịdị ihu n'ógbè okpokoro isi wezuga orbital, pyramidal na nkpirikpi ekara ejiji. The mbụ na-agba ọsọ na mpụta na-atụ, nke abụọ Nkea ala, azụ na mpụta na saịtị nke njikọ efere na-atọ na-aga azụ na dakapụrụ adakapụ n'etiti site na njikọ na sphenoid ọkpụkpụ.

vomer

Opener bụ unpaired ọdịdị ihu ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi. Nke a trapezoidal efere nke a na-emi odude ke gọzie gị oghere na-emepụta a nkebi. Verhnezadny EDGE thicker karịa n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-ekewa abụọ, na furrow kpụrụ aga onu okuko na crest nke sphenoid ọkpụkpụ. The n'azụ ihu ekewapụ choanae, na ala - a na-ejikọrọ na imi ridges Palatine ọkpụkpụ na n'ihu - na otu ụzọ na ọ dịghị òkè septum, na ndị ọzọ na na na efere nke ethmoid ọkpụkpụ.

gọzie gị ọkpụkpụ

Paired ọdịdị ihu okpokoro isi ọkpụkpụ na-ọkọnọ dịghị òkè ọkpụkpụ, na-eke a azụ ọkpụkpụ. Nke a mkpa efere na nkuku anọ, ihe elu onu nke bụ thicker na mkpafa karịa ala. Ọ na jikọọ na frontal ọkpụkpụ, mpụta - na frontal usoro, na ala ọnụ na isi frontal usoro bụ ókè nke aperture nke gọzie gị oghere. The n'ihu elu nke ọkpụkpụ nwere a ezigbo elu, na n'azụ - concave lattice uzo.

lacrimal ọkpụkpụ

Ndị a ụmụ mmadụ ihu ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi na-paired. Ha ọkọnọ a kama na-emebi emebi efere n'ụdị a quadrangle. Na ya, na n'ihu mgbidi nke orbit. N'ihu ya na-n'otu na frontal usoro, na top - na na nsọtụ nke frontal ọkpụkpụ, ma na-akpata - na efere nke ethmoid ọkpụkpụ, na mmalite nke nke na-ekpuchi ya medial n'elu. On mpụta n'elu nsogbu lacrimal crest nke anya mmiri na a nko na njedebe. A n'ihu bụ lacrimal uzo.

cheekbone

Ọzọ ụzọ ọkpụkpụ, jikọta ọkpukpu ụbụrụ na ọdịdị ihu okpokoro isi. Ọ na-anọchi anya ndị orbital, temporal na mpụta na-ebupụta, nakwa dị ka frontal na temporal Filiks.

Mpụta n'elu bụ oge ufodu quadrilateral orbital forms a mgbidi nke orbit na infraorbital region, temporal na - akụkụ infratemporal fossa.

Frontal abụba gbatịrị elu temporal - ala. Ikpeazụ nke zygomatic usoro zygomatic njiko iche-iche. Ọkpụkpụ elu agha na-ndokwasa na serrated ebe.

ala agha

Nke a bụ nanị mobile cranial ọkpụkpụ. Ọ bụ unpaired na mejupụtara a kwụ ahu, na abụọ vetikal alaka.

The ahụ kpebisiri na a akpukponu inyinya udi na nwere ma esịtidem na mpụga n'elu. Ya ala na ihu thickened na mechie, na elu akụkụ na-emepụta alveolar eze alveoli nke na-kewapụrụ onye ọ bụla ọzọ site partitions.

N'ihu nke agba dị protrusion ịgbasa na-esikwa n'ime agba tubercle. Behind e a echiche foramen, mgbe nke na-abịa na-oblique akara.

Ke n'etiti n'ime akụkụ nke ala agha a tọhapụrụ agba ọkpụkpụ azụ, na ma akụkụ nke e nwere ihe oblong 2-abdominal fossa. Mgbe elu onu, na nso nso eze alveoli, bụ sublingual fossa, n'okpuru bụ nke si na-adịghị ike agha-hyoid akara. A akara emi odude ke idak submandibular fossa.

Alaka agha bụ uzuoku, o nwere n'ihu ma n'azụ n'ọnụ, ihe elu na ihe dị n'ime ala. Na mpụta nke Lonely ahụrụ, na na n'ime - pterygoid tuberositi.

Alaka agwụ na n'ihu ma n'azụ ejiji na ịgbatị gaba. N'etiti ha n'ebe ahụ a na-clipping ala agha. Ihu usoro - coronal, kwuru na, ke n'elu. Buccal mbo na-eduzi ya isi a buu ezé. A n'azụ abụba condylar okokụre isi, n'olu nke gbatịrị ala agha.

hyoid ọkpụkpụ

Ọkpụkpụ nke ọdịdị ihu n'ógbè okpokoro isi njedebe hyoid ọkpụkpụ, bụ nke dị na olu n'etiti ogwooro na ala agha. Ọ na-agụnye a na ahu na abụọ ejiji na ụdị nnukwu na obere mpi. ọkpụkpụ curved ahụ, n'ihu akụkụ - na convex na n'azụ - concave. The n'akụkụ adapụ nnukwu mpi we gaba n'iru, mpụta na backward - obere. The hyoid ọkpụkpụ na-kwụsịtụrụ si okpokoro isi ọkpụkpụ site uru na akwara njikọ. Ọ na-ejikọrọ na nkọlọ.

ọgwụgwụ

Mgbe anyị na-amụ ọdịdị ihu ọkpụkpụ nke okpokoro isi, mmewere na-adọrọ uche nke mbụ niile siri ike teren na elu na n'ime-ebupụta, nke a na-kọwara na eziokwu na e nwere ụbụrụ, ganglia na sensory akụkụ.

Ọkpụkpụ ndị anyịnya (ma e wezụga n'ihi ala agha). Ha na-nwetara site a dịgasị iche iche nke seams na okpokoro isi na ihu, dị ka nke ọma dị ka site na cartilage na nkwonkwo nke cranial isi.