India, "Kudankulam" (NPP): nkọwa, akụkọ ihe mere eme na e ji mara

NPP "Kudankulam" (India), na azụmahịa ọrụ nke mbụ unit nke nke malitere December 31, 2013, bụ afọ 26 na imewe na-ewu ogbo, guzo ọnwa asaa mgbochi site protesters, ịghọ mba kasị nuclear ike osisi.

ndekọ emechaghi

E nwere oru nke nuklia ike osisi, ndinyanade mbịne ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, "Kudankulam" - nuclear ike osisi, nke bu ihe atu nke otu n'ime ha. Gịnịzi mere e nyere ndị palm? Ọ bụ uru na-eme ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ, n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nsogbu na ebe ike imeri. Development nke mbụ unit malitere na 1988, ma ngo lanarị ọdịda nke Soviet Union, na mba n'obodo, adịghị agwụ agwụ iwu mgbochi, dị ka nke ọma dị ka obodo ngagharị iwe, oge mgbanwe ịbanye a ọgba aghara ahụ. "Kudankulam" - nuclear ike osisi, mara maka ya mbụ oge a osisi wuru na India eji mba ọzọ technology.

Ebe ọ bụ na 1974, mgbe atọm bọmbụ nwalere na mba, ruo 2008, India e kweghị ka nuclear technology ahia mba ofesi na dị na Treaty na Non-Njupụta nke ngwá agha nuklia, nke ọ bụghị isonyere. The ule kpatara nguzobe nke Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) - a si ọtụtụ mba ahụ, gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwere ngwá agha nuklia nke ụwa, nke e kere nyochaa ahia mba ofesi na nuclear teknụzụ, ma agha na ndi nkiti na.

ike ụkọ

Na onodu nke mba ọzọ enyemaka ban India a manyere iji rụzuru nke Russian nuklia ike ụlọ ọrụ. The naanị wezụga abụọ nkeji na Tarapur, wuru site General Electric na 1969, na abụọ ọzọ CANDU na Rajasthan, ndị na-ewu nke e tọgbọrọ mmalite afọ ndị 1970. Ma NPP arụ ọrụ na uranium dị n'okpuru akara nke International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

16 ndị ọzọ ngwa agha na India, mepụtara na-ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ na arọ mmiri. Limited uranium mee na mba na-a isi iyi nke mgbe nile nsogbu na mmanụ ụgbọala ọkọnọ maka mpaghara nuclear ike osisi. Ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite a mmanụ ụgbọala nhazi technology, nakwa dị ka mejuputa a ogologo oge atụmatụ maka ojiji nke nnukwu thorium mee - banyere 13% nke mara ego a chemical mmewere bụ na India.

Ihe isi ike na mmepe nke nuclear ume (niile ngwa agha nke mba nwere ike 202 MW ma ọ bụ obere) amanye ya onye ndú ịchọ ụzọ isi circumvent mba sanctions. The n'ihi otu n'ime ndị a, atumatu bụ "Kudankulam".

keihuojoo oru ngo

Na November 1988, Prime Minister Radzhiv Gandi na Mikhail Gorbachev bịanyere aka nkwekọrịta iwu abụọ turnkey nuklia ike nkeji Tamil Nadu na Soviet VVER chernobyl. USSR nwere wuo ebe ma hụ na ihe nkwali na-ga-laghachiri mgbe development.

Ma ngo chere ihu na geopolitical mgbochi, n'ihi na Soviet Union na 1988 nọ na-amalite crumble. N'afọ na-esonụ, na mba nke Eastern Europe nọ n'okpuru Soviet na-achị, iji chebe onwe ha, ma nyawaa elu Soviet Union onwe ya na 1991. Ọ bụ ezie na Russian Federation enweela na USSR ọrụ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta on "Kudankulam" NPP, aku nsogbu na kpochapụ Russia na 1990s, na oge n'etiti 1990 na 1995 belata ya na aku na uba site na 50%, nke pụtara na ya ọdịda anọgide na-mejuputa oru ngo. The esemokwu n'etiti Russia na India na nke a emewo ka n'ihu igbu oge na mmejuputa oru ngo. Nyochaa na NSG nkwekọrịta 1992 ka o nwekwuo nsogbu dị ka United States na-ekwu na ngo na-soro ọhụrụ iwu. Dị iche iche na Indian isi n'oge na-akpọ ya stillborn.

abụọ ifufe

Ma nuclear ike osisi oru ngo na India "Kudankulam" bilie ntụ n'okpuru ndị kasị na-atụghị anya na ọnọdụ. Esemokwu na Pakistan na 1998 mere ka a usoro nke soje nuclear ule, bụ nke mere ka ebe nile mba ikpe na sanctions.

O sina dị, n'oge ọnwa nke Russia kpebiri ịtụte ngo nke ọhụrụ nkwekọrịta, bịanyere aka na June 1998. "Kudankulam" NPP Development Regulations enye maka imewe na-ewu nke Russian ala na ụlọ ọrụ "Atomstroyexport" abụọ 1000 MW VVER-1000 ìhè mmiri ngwa agha, na India na Nuclear Ike Corp. (NPCI) na-egwu ọrụ nke na-ekiri ihe na-enwe ọganihu nke ọrụ. The ndibiat na-eme atụmatụ na $ 2.8 ijeri, mgbe Russia na-enye ogologo oge ego nke 64,16 ijeri rupees. The ọhụrụ nkwekọrịta nyekwara India nri iji hazie ihe ndị nọrọ mmanụ ụgbọala ma ọ bụrụ na "Atomstroyexport" ga-enye ndị dị otú ahụ ohere.

Ndenye mmalite

Construction, esetịpụ kasị Indian ụlọ ọrụ Larsen & Toubro, malitere na March 2002. N'adịghị ka yiri oru ngo, "Atomstroyexport", saịtị e gara site nanị ole na ole Russian injinia. Fọrọ nke nta niile ọrụ e rụrụ site obodo sịrị na ndị ọkachamara. Ná mmalite, ọ nwere niile a na-egosi na ihe owuwu ga-agwụ agwụ n'ihu oge na December 2007. Mgbe a na ọnụego, na-ewu wee ruo 2004. N'ihi ya support na ikwado nnyefe nke arọ mmiri na mmalite afọ 2004, e wuru nso n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke na-ekwe bufee nnukwu ngwá na na nnukwu ugbo mmiri n'ụgbọ ama esịn arịlịka nso.

Ma enweghị ike a ngwa ngwa ijeụkwụ.

ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi

The mbụ nsogbu malitere igbu oge na nnyefe nke na ngwá na akụkụ ahụ mapụtara si Russia, nakwa dị ka metụtara ndokwa atụmatụ. Nke a mere ka a slowdown na-ewu, na n'ikpeazụ, kwa afọ oge igbu oge. The kasị ụlọ ahụ na mbụ ike unit e dechara na 2010, na July malitere ya ule na a dummy ibu nke manu. Obere oge, ngo ọsọ ndị ọzọ, ndị siri ezigbo ike - n'ụzọ nkịtị.

N'agbanyeghị ụkọ ọkụ eletrik dị na steeti Tamil Nadu, mmegide ụlọ malitere-eto eto dị anyị na-agakwuru ọgwụgwụ ya. The Ndị mmadụ Movement Against Nuclear Energy (PMANE), a mmekota nke obodo obodo ahụ na-akụ azụ na 2011, mgbe ọdachi na March na nuclear ike osisi "Fukushima-1" na Japan malitere gwụ megide ojii. The coastline of Tamil Nadu kụrụ na mbufịt na Indian Ocean na 2004, sparking ụjọ nke a megharịa nke Japanese ọdachi.

igbochi NPP

Na September, tupu ndokwa maka n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke mbụ mmanụ ụgbọala loading na malite na December, ọ malitere ichebe na saịtị nke na-ewu. September 22 The Cabinet nke Ozi nke State gafere a mkpebi achọ nkwusioru nke niile ọrụ dokwuo anya na-akpata nchegbu banyere nchekwa nke osisi.

Ruo mgbe March n'afọ ọzọ, protesters gafere ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 50 na-arụ ọrụ kwa mgbanwe, na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe ka ndị nkịtị ọrụ. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke demonstrators mgbe ụfọdụ ruru ọtụtụ puku.

Launch nke mbụ ogbo

Ngagharị iwe e ghara ikwe na site na ike na nsogbu dị na steeti ke ini utọ nke na-esote afọ, ike ụkọ mere site 4 GW. The iyi egwu nke blackouts Cabinet nwesịrị ya gara aga mkpebi na-akpọ maka ngwa ngwa nyere nke nuclear ike osisi "Kudankulam". Nuclear ike, Otú ọ dị, bụ idem ke ikpe, n'agbanyeghị na mkpebi nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na September 2012, e jụrụ site igbochi loading nke mmanụ nuklia.

N'otu oge anyị na-esiwanyekwa ike ngagharị iwe megide ọdụ, mgbe ụfọdụ, na-atụgharị n'ime ihe ike, nke na-achọ ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ puku ndị uwe ojii iji chebe ojii. The ikpe megide nuklia ike osisi e dechara ruo mgbe May 2013, mgbe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu akpatre asuan ikpe. O sina dị, ndị na-egbu oge ruru ka ngagharị iwe na-ewu ụlọ nsogbu, mụbara na-eri nke oru ngo na $ 1 ijeri.

The mbụ ngọngọ amalite ọtụtụ 1 na July 2013 Low-ike ule iso n'elu-esonụ ọnwa, na 100% ike unit na oru June 9. Commercial ojiji nke nuclear ike malitere December 21, 2014 iji zụọ mkpara nke NPP "Kudankulam" (India) "Atomtekhenergo".

abụọ gigawatts

The abụọ "Kudankulam" NPP na ike nke 1000 MW na oru na July 10, 2016. Ọ ghọrọ 22 nke nuclear chernobyl na India na nke abụọ pressurized mmiri.

Mgbe ahụ, n'ime 45 ụbọchị nke ike-amụba unit malitere na-emepụta 400 MW nke eletrik, na August e jikọọ na netwọk. Ọgbọ nke ọkụ eletrik ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụba ka 500, 750, 900, na 1000 MW. Mgbe na-agbakwụnye 1,000 MW nke abụọ na-adọ ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na netwọk nke arụnyere ike nke nuclear ike na India ga-amụba site ugbu a 5780 na 6780 MW.

Dị ka NPCIL, mbụ igba egbe mere mgbe ndị ime ntule usoro atụmatụ niile nke ibiere na nnabata ya na chọrọ kwuru iwu na iwu nchịkwa nke Nuclear Regulatory Council (AERB).

NPCIL na-ekwu na "Kudankulam" - nuclear ike osisi, nke bụ dị iche iche elu nche atụmatụ, mkpa mba ụkpụrụ. Ngwa agha Generation III + ikpokọta arụsi ọrụ ike na n'ezinụlọ usoro nchekwa dị ka a n'ezinụlọ okpomọkụ mwepụ usoro, hydrogen recombiners, isi afia accumulators na ngwa ngwa boron injection usoro.

ijuputa n'igirigi atụmanya

"Kudankulam" NPP nyere nke abụọ ogbo na ndokwa maka n'oge 2017, n'okpuru n'ihu nke imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti India na Russia, nwere ike gbasaa ruo 6-8 nkeji. Gafee mba atụmatụ iwuru 20 dị otú ahụ ngwa agha.

Agreement na atọ na nke anọ nkeji e banyere April 2014 maka nchikota nke 330 ijeri rupees ($ 5.5 ijeri). Ya, mmejuputa iwu e egbu oge ruru ka ndị na-abụghị nnabata ka iwu na 2010 na Civil Ibu maka Nuclear Mebiri, nke ikike NPCI achọ akwụ ụgwọ si osisi soplaya na ihe omume nke ihe mberede mere site na-ezighị ezi akụrụngwa.

Nke a nwere ike ibu tụkwasịrị mba ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-agbalị ime azụmahịa na India, n'agbanyeghị nkwekọrịta si 2008, nke NSG, nke meghere mba ahia mba ofesi na nuclear ihe.

ikwere ngwọta

Mkparita n'etiti India na Russian "Rosatom", nke e kere afọ anọ, nke a kwadebere a kpuchie ịnọgide na azụmahịa. Ruo ugbu a, Russia bụ nanị ná mba nke ruru nkwekọrịta, dị ka nke Indian ala-ekesịpde insurance ụlọ ọrụ General Insurance Co. ga-enyocha onye ọ bụla akụrụngwa nke ngwa agha, na-achọ a afọ 20 insurance adịchaghị ikpuchi nwere emebi. The na-eri nke ọhụrụ ike nkeji ezubere iji na-egosipụta nke a ụzọ ọhụrụ.

Ekiri ekweghị na ndị a oké ọchịchọ atụmatụ abịa fruition, dị ka ajụjụ ndị pụrụ iche na Indian ọchịchị na ọkàikpe, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike oge na nkenye ọnọdụ nke nuclear technology. O sina dị, ịga nke ọma nke "Kudankulam" NPP bụ ihe mere nchekwube na mba ike oru na-oké mkpa nuclear ike.