Ka anyị kwuo banyere otú iji chọpụta ụdị hybridization

Ka anyị kwuo banyere otú iji chọpụta ụdị hybridization, nakwa dị ka tụlee geometric Ọdịdị nke ahụ molekul.

Akụkọ nke okwu

Ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ L. Polinglom ka chọrọ a ozizi jiometrị nke ụmụ irighiri na a covalent nkekọ. Dị ka ihe ndabere maka akpụ a njikọ e weere yitewere nke elektrọn n'ígwé ojii. The usoro a bịara mara dị ka valence agbụ. Olee otú iji chọpụta ụdị hybridization nke atọm na ogige? Chepụtara ozizi chọrọ ka n'ime akaụntụ mix nke ngwakọ orbitals.

definition

Iji ghọta otú iji chọpụta ụdị hybridization na ogige, anyị na-akọwa na okwu a na-ezo.

Hybridization bụ Ịgwakọta nke electronic orbitals. Usoro a na-esonyere ndị na-ekesa nke ike na ha, na-agbanwe ha udi. Dabere na ole ga-agwakọta s- na p-orbitals, ụdị hybridization nwere ike dị iche iche. The organic ogige carbon pụrụ ịdị ná a steeti sp, sp2, sp3. E nwekwara ihe mgbagwoju forms metụtara, na mgbakwunye na Sp, d-orbitals.

Iwu mata ụmụ irighiri inorganics

Hybridization pụrụ ikpughe n'onwe maka ogige na a covalent chemical nkekọ na ụdị AWP. A - isi atọm, B - ligand, n - ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Na a ọnọdụ yiri nke ahụ na hybridization ga-aba naanị valence orbitals nke isi atọm.

Ụzọ maka ịchọpụta

Anyị Aga okwu ọzọ banyere otú iji chọpụta ụdị hybridization. Na chemical nghọta na okwu na-egosi ike mgbanwe shapes na orbitals. E nwere a yiri usoro na ndị ahụ ebe electrons na-eji nke nwe dị iche iche nke nkekọ guzobere.

Iji ghọta otú iji chọpụta ụdị hybridization, tụlee methane molekul. Nke a ihe onwunwe bụ nke mbụ so na homologous usoro nke jupụta (ịgba) hydrocarbons. Na ohere nke CH4 molekul bụ tetrahedron. Single carbon atọm Nleta a hydrogen njikọ yiri ike na ogologo. Iji na-etolite dị otú ahụ a ngwakọ ígwé ojii, e nwere atọ p es na otu elektrọn.

Anọ igwe-oji mbuaha, na e nwere ebe anọ yiri (ngwakọ) pịnye enwe oge ufodu udi asatọ. Anyị na-akpọ nke a na ụdị hybridization sp3. All ndị hydrocarbons na mejupụtara nke na mfe (otu) nkekọ, ọ e ji ụdị hybridization nke carbon atọm. Bond n'akuku bụ 109 degrees 28 nkeji.

Anyị na-anọgide na-ekwu okwu banyere otú iji chọpụta ụdị hybridization. Ihe atụ nke unsaturated hydrocarbon nke ethylene usoro-enye otu echiche nke sp2-hybridization. Ihe atụ, na ihe ethylene molekul nke anọ valence electrons ke kpụworo chemical nkekọ na-eji nanị atọ. Ndị fọdụrụ-abụghị ngwakọ p-elektrọn aga n'ime guzobere a abụọ nkekọ.

Acetylene bụ mfe nnọchiteanya nke klas SpN2p-2. The peculiarity nke klas nke hydrocarbons bụ ọnụnọ nke a Mmaji nkekọ. Nke anọ valence electrons nke carbon atọm nanị abụọ ịgbanwe ha udi na ume, na-aghọ ngwakọ. The abụọ fọdụrụ electrons na-ekere òkè n'usoro nke abụọ abụọ agbụ, ịchọpụta na unsaturated uwa nke a na klas nke organic ogige.

ọgwụgwụ

Ịtụle ajụjụ banyere covalent chemical nkekọ nke organic na inorganic bekee, tụlee hybridization nke atọm orbitals. Na nke a, e nwere ihe itinye n'ọnọdụ nke ha ike na ụdị. Kọmputa, emi odude nso bụ isi nke atọm agbụ, ji a set of orbitals na enweta yiri kwantum nọmba. Ozi banyere ụdị hybridization na-eme ka o kwe omume na-enyocha chemical Njirimara nke umi.